Disease relevance of Agaricales

• They are used as a predictive tool to calculate the toxicity of orellanine, a toxin from the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus (Fries) [1].
• BACKGROUND: Mushroom poisoning by some species of the Cortinarius (Agaricales) often lead to irreversible renal failure caused by the nephrotoxin orellanine [2].

High impact information on Agaricales

• Orellanine is the tetrahydroxylated and di-N-oxidized bipyridine toxin from several Cortinarius mushrooms [3].
• Secondary structure and molecular evolution of the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal RNA in Agaricales (Euagarics clade, Homobasidiomycota) [4].
• Within the four Agaricales (Homobasidiomycota), the SSU-rRNA "core" is conserved in size (966 to 1009 nt) with the exception of an unusual extension of 40 nt in the H17 helix of S. commune [4].
• Improving phylogenetic inference of mushrooms with RPB1 and RPB2 nucleotide sequences (Inocybe; Agaricales) [5].
• We speculate that sequence information from RNA polymerase II genes have the potential for resolving phylogenetic problems at several levels of the diverse and taxonomically very challenging genus Cortinarius [6].

Biological context of Agaricales

• The oral LD50 of Cortinarius orellanus (2.20 g dried mushroom/kg) and of Cortinarius speciosissimus (3.12 g/kg) depended on the orellanine content (14 mg/g in Cortinarius orellanus and 9 mg/g in Cortinarius speciosissimus) [7].

Associations of Agaricales with chemical compounds

• Chromatographic behaviour and determination of orellanine, a toxin from the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus [8].
• A glucosylceramide with a novel ceramide and three novel ceramides from the basidiomycete Cortinarius umidicola [9].
• Of these fungi, 37 strains belonging to seven phylogenetically related genera of mostly litter-decomposing Agaricales were positive for the dehydrogenase, based on activity assays towards D-glucose with 1,4-benzoquinone or ferricenium ion as electron acceptors, and on TLC/HPLC analyses of the reaction products [10].
• A glucosylceramide with novel ceramide and three novel ceramide homologs were isolated from the basidiomycete Cortinarius umidicola and structurally characterized [9].
• Two new steroid derivatives, (22E,24R)-3alpha-ureido-ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraene (1) and (22E,24R)-5alpha,8alpha-epidioxyergosta-6,9,22-triene-3beta-ol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2) were isolated from the fruit bodies of Chlorophyllum molybdites (Agaricaceae) [11].

Gene context of Agaricales

• All glycolipids are structurally related to those of the Agaricales (engl., field mushroom) [12].
• Notholepiota areolata, a secotioid species from New Zealand, Cystoagaricus with brown, irregular-knobby spores, and Leucopholiota with gelatinized hymenophoral trama and amyloid spores, fall outside the family Agaricaceae [13].

References