Psychiatry related information on Reinforcement Schedule

• Water and ethanol solutions were concurrently made available on a continuous reinforcement schedule to 4 food-deprived male albino rats during daily 1-hr sessions in an operant conditioning chamber equipped with 2 levers and 2 liquid dippers [1].

High impact information on Reinforcement Schedule

• Another group of rats with implanted jugular catheters self-administered etonitazene (10 micrograms per kilogram) intravenously on a continuous reinforcement schedule, and the number of infusions increased significantly on days when they were deprived of food [2].
• Rats were trained in a continuous reinforcement schedule to press a lever to activate a pump that provided an intravenous injection of cocaine [3].
• Self-administration for water and food was not altered in CB1 knockout mice in any of the reinforcement schedules used, which emphasizes the selective impairment of drug reinforcement in these knockout mice [4].
• METHODS: Rats self-administered methamphetamine (0.1 mg/kg per infusion, fixed-ratio-1 reinforcement schedule) or saline (control condition) for 9 h/day over 10 days [5].
• Changes in motivation to respond were assessed under a progressive ratio reinforcement schedule (PR) which required increased response cost for each successive unit of sucrose solution [6].

Chemical compound and disease context of Reinforcement Schedule

• In a second experiment, similar combinations of ethanol and amphetamine were administered to rats lever-pressing for food pellets under a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule [7].
• Response-contingent infusions of cocaine (at unit doses of 0.15, 0.30 and 0.60 mg/kg/infusion) and d-amphetamine (at unit doses of 0.05 and 0.10 mg/kg/infusion) were available during daily 4-h sessions on a FR1 reinforcement schedule [8].
• Response decrements in an operant task produced by either extinction or by the dopamine receptor blocker pimozide were examined in three experiments which employed intermittent reinforcement schedules [9].
• In mice trained to lever press under a fixed-ratio (FR) 20 reinforcement schedule, NPC 17742 was 6.2 times more potent than NPC 12626 and equipotent with the competitive NMDA antagonist [E]-2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-penteneoic acid (CGP 37849) in reducing rates of responding [10].
• The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the neurochemical pathways by which reinforcement schedules modify behaviour include a step influenced by benzodiazepine receptors [11].

Biological context of Reinforcement Schedule

• However, the quantity of ethanol consumed with the continuous reinforcement schedule (fixed ratio one) may have led to pharmacologically significant effects, given the high sensitivity to ethanol of this genotype [12].
• We previously reported that adult mice exposed to ethanol throughout gestation (G5-17) responded slower than controls on reinforcement schedules which required large numbers of responses per unit of food, i.e., high fixed ratio (FR) schedules [13].
• The smaller number of electrodermal responses to the CS tone during extinction in the amnesics may relate to their lack of insight into the change in the reinforcement schedule [14].

Gene context of Reinforcement Schedule

• ADHD children spelled fewer words correctly than controls, regardless of reinforcement schedule [15].
• The current study demonstrates the ability of neuropeptide Y (NPY) to increase break points under a progressive ratio 1 (PR1) reinforcement schedule [16].
• Rats were trained on one of four reinforcement schedules (CRF, FR 10, FR 20, FR 40) with either food or water reinforcement [17].
• Effect of runway training on rat brain tyrosine hydroxylase: differential effect of continuous and partial reinforcement schedules [18].
• Prl elevated pecking rates in food-restricted doves on a variable-interval (VI) reinforcement schedule and supported continued responding when doves were returned to ad-lib feeding [19].

References