Disease relevance of Mydrial

• Dextroamphetamine with morphine for the treatment of postoperative pain [1].
• The behavioral, cognitive, and electrophysiological effect of a single dose of dextroamphetamine (0.5 milligram per kilogram of body weight) or placebo was examined in 14 normal prepubertal boys (mean age, 10 years 11 months) in a double-blind study [2].
• The dextroamphetamine group was superior in terms of behavioral treatment participation, extent of eating and exercise habit change, and weight loss [3].
• Molecular mechanisms of basal and D-amphetamine (AMPH)-induced apoptosis were studied in rat liver nodules, 12 (N12) and 30 (N30) weeks after initiation, and in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induced by diethylnitrosamine in rats subjected to resistant hepatocyte model [4].
• Administration of I.V. d-amphetamine increased dyskinetic movements in most patients with tardive dyskinesia, a finding consistent with the dopaminergic hypothesis [5].

Psychiatry related information on Mydrial

• Second, d-amphetamine is approximately five times as potent as l-amphetamine in its effects on both the total amount of locomotor activity and the duration of stereotypy [6].
• Double-blind crossover randomized Latin square comparison of placebo, dextroamphetamine, and levoamphetamine in 31 consecutively diagnosed children with minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) replicated a smaller nonrandom study [7].
• These results do not confirm an earlier report that the reduced HGH response to dextroamphetamine is specific to endogenous depression [8].
• Dexamphetamine for obsessive-compulsive disorder [9].
• Comments on "Amphetamine models of paranoid schizophrenia": a precautionary note [10].
• Based on the inescapable novelty test, HR rats self-administered more amphetamine than LR rats at the 0.03 and 0.01 mg/kg/infusion unit doses; there were no significant individual differences in amphetamine self-administration based on the novelty place preference test [11].

High impact information on Mydrial

• Lesions of the striato-nigral pathways (that is, crus cerebri or vicinity of the tail of the caudate nucleus) markedly attenuate depressant effects of intravenous d-amphetamine on central dopaminergic cell activity [12].
• Dextroamphetamine for epilepsy [13].
• Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we conducted a within-subject, double-blind, placebo (PLAC)-controlled study of the effects of oral dextroamphetamine (AMPH, 0.25 mg/kg) treatment on brain activity and affect during incentive processing [14].
• RESULTS: Subjects with MDD had a hypersensitive response to the rewarding effects of dextroamphetamine (2-fold increase; t(21) = 2.74, P = .01), with altered brain activation in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate and putamen (F(1,44) = 11.93, P = .001) [15].
• BACKGROUND: The state of the brain reward system in major depressive disorder was assessed with dextroamphetamine, which probes the release of dopamine within the mesocorticolimbic system, a major component of the brain reward system, and produces measurable behavioral changes, including rewarding effects (eg, euphoria) [16].

Chemical compound and disease context of Mydrial

• Despite the structural similarity of the two drugs, some common overall effects on catecholamine metabolism, and similar effects on weight, fenfluramine had none of the motor activity or therapeutic effects of dextroamphetamine [17].
• Methylphenidate vs dextroamphetamine vs caffeine in minimal brain dysfunction: controlled comparison by placebo washout design with Bayes' analysis [18].
• Paradoxical cortisol responses to dextroamphetamine in endogenous depression [19].
• BACKGROUND: We report on a controlled trial of a mixed amphetamine salts compound (Adderall, dextroamphetamine sulfate, dextro-, levoamphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine aspartate, levoamphetamine aspartate, and dextroamphetamine saccharate) in the treatment of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [20].
• Caffeine versus methylphenidate and d-amphetamine in minimal brain dysfunction: a double-blind comparison [21].

Biological context of Mydrial

• Unexpectedly, the increase in the BPRS mannerisms and posturing item and in the pulse rate response to d-amphetamine were decreased [22].
• CONCLUSIONS: While the present study does not demonstrate any robust metabolic effects of chronic stimulant treatment, the behavioral data strongly indicate that methylphenidate and d-amphetamine are effective agents for the treatment of adults with ADHD [23].
• Some of these have been found to interact with the thermal effects of d-amphetamine, a drug with well established actions on thermoregulation [24].
• Early pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of oral D-amphetamine in normal subjects [25].
• Comparative symptomatological and evoked potential studies with d-amphetamine, thioridazine, and placebo in hyperkinetic children [26].

Anatomical context of Mydrial

• Here, we show in mouse that d-amphetamine activates ERK in a subset of medium-size spiny neurons of the dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens, through the combined action of glutamate NMDA and D1-dopamine receptors [27].
• These experiments investigated the effects, on memory, of injections of d-amphetamine (10 micrograms/0.5 microliter) administered into the amygdala, hippocampus, or caudate nucleus immediately after training in cued or spatial water-maze tasks [28].
• D-amphetamine disaggregates brain polysomes via a dopaminergic mechanism [29].
• A local infusion of d-amphetamine (d-AMPH) into the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) inhibited neuronal activity in this site and produced a mirror-image excitation in the ventrolateral, but not dorsomedial, neostriatum [30].
• Likewise, D-amphetamine applied into pars reticulata of substantia nigra by reverse dialysis produced an elevation in acetylcholine output measured at a second microdialysis probe in the striatum [31].

Associations of Mydrial with other chemical compounds

• Self-administration of dextroamphetamine was most well-maintained--showing it to be a reinforcer--and self-administration of fenfluramine was suppressed below placebo levels [3].
• We report here on the ameliorating effects of D-amphetamine, a drug commonly used in the treatment of ADHD, before Ritalin, on PSA, after infantile (PND 2-15) exposure to x-irradiation [32].
• Activation of ERK by d-amphetamine or by widely abused drugs, including cocaine, nicotine, morphine, and Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol was absent in mice lacking dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of M(r) 32,000 (DARPP-32) [27].
• Third, knockout mice for alpha1b-adrenergic (alpha1b-AR KO) or 5-HT(2A) (5-HT(2A)-R KO) receptor, respectively, exhibit a behavioral and biochemical hyperreactivity to the acute injection of p-chloroamphetamine (alpha1b-AR KO; 5-HT levels) and d-amphetamine (5-HT(2A)-R KO; NE levels) [33].
• The locomotor hyperactivity induced by systemic or local (nucleus accumbens) D-amphetamine injections can be blocked by systemic or local (prefrontal cortex) injections of prazosin, an alpha1-adrenergic antagonist (Blance et al., 1994) [34].

Gene context of Mydrial

• Implication of Bcl-2 family genes in basal and D-amphetamine-induced apoptosis in preneoplastic and neoplastic rat liver lesions [4].
• This strain is hemizygous for the SNAP25 gene and displays hyperactivity that responds to dextroamphetamine, but not to methylphenidate [35].
• PRL decreased from baseline following both d-amphetamine and placebo and there was no significant drug-placebo difference [36].
• There was a statistically significant increase in GH from baseline to peak following d-amphetamine ingestion [36].
• The hyperkinesis is ameliorated by low doses of the psychostimulant D-amphetamine and can be rescued genetically by a transgene encoding SNAP-25, located within the Cm deletion [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Mydrial

• METHODS: This was a 7-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of Adderall in 27 well-characterized adults satisfying full DSM-IV criteria for ADHD of childhood onset and persistent symptoms into adulthood [20].
• Dextroamphetamine enhances "neural network-specific" physiological signals: a positron-emission tomography rCBF study [38].
• Healthy human volunteers underwent a training period of voluntary thumb movements under the effects of placebo or d-amphetamine in different sessions in a randomized double-blind, counterbalanced design [39].
• No behavioral activation occurred after the bilateral local perfusion of 3 microM D-amphetamine in the nucleus accumbens, although it led to a fivefold increase in extracellular DA levels [34].
• This latent inhibition effect, however, was not present in animals which received d-amphetamine microinjections in the nucleus accumbens [40].

References