Flutamide Attenuates Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production and Hepatic Injury Following Trauma-Hemorrhage via Estrogen Receptor-related Pathway.
OBJECTIVE:: To determine the mechanism by which flutamide administration following trauma-hemorrhage (T-H) decreases cytokine production and hepatic injury under those conditions. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA:: Although studies have demonstrated that flutamide administration following T-H improves hepatic and immune functions, the mechanism by which flutamide produces the salutary effects remains unknown. METHODS:: Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a 5-cm laparotomy and hemorrhagic shock (40 mm Hg for approximately 90 minutes), followed by resuscitation with 4 times the shed blood volume in the form of Ringer's lactate. Flutamide (25 mg/kg body weight, sc) was administered at the middle of resuscitation and animals were killed 2 hours thereafter. To block estrogen receptor ( ER), ER antagonist ICI 182,780 was administrated with flutamide. RESULTS:: Hepatic injury, myeloperoxidase activity, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) DNA binding activity and protein expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC-1 and CINC-3) markedly increased following T-H. Hepatic mRNA and plasma IL-6 levels were also elevated following T-H. The alterations in these parameters induced by T-H were significantly attenuated by flutamide administration. The decreased plasma estradiol levels following T-H were restored to sham levels in the flutamide-treated T-H animals. Coadministration of ICI 182,780 prevented those salutary effects of flutamide administration on pro-inflammatory responses and hepatic injury following T-H. CONCLUSION:: These findings suggest that the reduction in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and hepatic injury produced by flutamide administration following T-H is likely due to the down-regulation in hepatic NF-kappaB DNA binding activity. Moreover, the salutary effects of flutamide administration appear to be mediated at least in part via ER-related pathway.[1]References
- Flutamide Attenuates Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production and Hepatic Injury Following Trauma-Hemorrhage via Estrogen Receptor-related Pathway. Shimizu, T., Yu, H.P., Hsieh, Y.C., Choudhry, M.A., Suzuki, T., Bland, K.I., Chaudry, I.H. Ann. Surg. (2007) [Pubmed]
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