Disease relevance of GBL

• Our findings showed that serum levels of IL-2 and sIL-2R were increased in all cancer patients; on the contrary, sICAM-1 serum levels were not significantly increased in GBL and astrocytoma patients [1].
• Ninety-nine patients bearing recurrent malignant glioma sequentially selected according to strict eligibility criteria (72 GBL and 27 AA) entered the study [2].
• 14 cases of astrocytomas (WHO grade II, III), 20 cases of glioblastomas (GBL, WHO grade IV), 5 cases of lung carcinoma and 6 cases of kidney carcinoma were studied; the results were compared with 15 healthy controls [1].
• EDs and poison control centers nationwide will undoubtedly continue to manage GHB, GBL, and 1,4-BD toxicities [3].

High impact information on GBL

• RESULTS: During their most recent distant CP weekend, 80% of participants used methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy), 66% ketamine, 43% crystal methamphetamines, 29% gamma-hydroxybutyrate or gamma-butyrolactone (GHB/GBL), 14% sildenafil (Viagra), and 12% amyl nitrites (poppers); 53% used four or more drugs [4].
• Nest media (soil and plant material) collected from crocodile nests at GBL were positive for p,p-DDT, methoxychlor, aldrin, endosulfan II, and endrin aldehyde [5].
• Studies of the chemical interconversion of GBL and GHB showed hydrolysis of GBL to be rapid at pH 11.54, slower and less complete (30% hydrolysis) at pH 2.54 and slowest at pH 7.0, reaching 30% hydrolysis in about 40 days [6].
• A 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) method for the determination of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and gamma-hydroxybutyrolactone (GBL) in human serum and urine using spiked samples has been developed [6].
• The Asian marketing rights have been licensed to Genelabs Biotechnology Ltd (GBL), a joint investment with the government of Taiwan [229812] [7].

Biological context of GBL

• These studies show that hydrolysis of GBL to GHB does occur in aqueous-based solutions, with samples and time frames that are relevant to forensic testing [8].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of GBL

• Non-viable eggs of Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) were collected from Gold Button (GBL) and New River lagoons (NRL) in northern Belize and screened for organochlorine (OC) compounds using gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detection (ECD) [5].
• Heat increased and refrigeration decreased the rate of GBL hydrolysis relative to ambient conditions [8].
• GHB and GBL contents were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [8].

References