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Smith, J.S. et al.

Smith, Herrero, Bosetti, Muñoz, Bosch, Eluf-Neto, Castellsagué, Meijer, Van den Brule, Franceschi, Ashley,

Herpes simplex virus-2 as a human papillomavirus cofactor in the etiology of invasive cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause of invasive cervical cancer, but cofactors may act in conjunction with HPV. We performed a pooled analysis of seven case-control studies to examine the effect of one possible HPV cofactor, herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infection, in the etiology of invasive cervical cancer. METHODS: Blood and exfoliated cervical specimens were obtained from 1263 case patients with invasive cervical cancer (1158 with squamous-cell carcinomas and 105 with adeno- or adenosquamous-cell carcinomas) and 1117 age-matched control subjects. Western blot analysis and/or an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect type-specific serum antibodies to HSV-2 and HSV-1, and Chlamydia trachomatis serum antibodies were detected using a micro-immunofluorescence assay. HPV DNA was detected using a polymerase chain reaction assay. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed from unconditional logistic regression models. RESULTS: Overall, HSV-2 seropositivity was higher among case patients with squamous-cell carcinoma (44.4%, 95% CI = 41.5% to 47.3%) or adeno- or adenosquamous-cell carcinoma (43.8%, 95% CI = 34.2% to 53.5%) than among control subjects (25.6%, 95% CI = 23.0% to 28.2%). Cervical specimens from 1098 (94.8%) squamous-cell carcinoma case patients, 95 (90.5%) adeno- or adenosquamous carcinoma case patients, and 164 (14.7%) control subjects were positive for HPV DNA. Among the HPV DNA-positive women, HSV-2 seropositivity was associated with increased risks of squamous-cell carcinoma (OR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.41 to 3.40) and adeno- or adenosquamous-cell carcinoma (OR = 3.37, 95% CI = 1.47 to 7.74) after adjustment for potential confounders. A similar association between HSV-2 seropositivity and squamous-cell carcinoma risk was observed after further controlling for markers of sexual behavior (OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.24 to 3.09). Among control subjects, HSV-2 seropositivity was associated with markers of sexual behavior, but not with cervical HPV DNA positivity. CONCLUSION: HSV-2 infection may act in conjunction with HPV infection to increase the risk of invasive cervical carcinoma.[1]

References

Herpes simplex virus-2 as a human papillomavirus cofactor in the etiology of invasive cervical cancer. Smith, J.S., Herrero, R., Bosetti, C., Muñoz, N., Bosch, F.X., Eluf-Neto, J., Castellsagué, X., Meijer, C.J., Van den Brule, A.J., Franceschi, S., Ashley, R. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (2002) [Pubmed]

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