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Chemical Compound Review

KST-1A2759     (2R)-2-amino-6-[[(3S,4R,5R)- 3,4,5,6...

Synonyms: AR-1A2688, AC1L3X5P, AC1Q5R0Y, Fructosyllysine, Fructose lysine, ...
 
 
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Disease relevance of fructosyl-lysine

 

High impact information on fructosyl-lysine

  • Differential expression of fructosyllysine-specific receptors on monocytes and macrophages and possible pathophysiological significance [1].
  • A differing individual expression of fructosyllysine-specific receptors has been found on the monocytes of 90 insulin-dependent diabetic patients and 101 healthy control subjects [1].
  • However, animals which express the fructosyllysine receptor showed a greater increase in muscle capillary basement membrane thickness [1].
  • We have shown that, in human lens proteins in vivo, the concentration of fructose-lysine (FL), the Amadori adduct of glucose to lysine, is constant with age, while the concentration of the oxidation product, CML, increases significantly with age [Dunn et al. (1989) Biochemistry 28, 9464-9468] [2].
  • Levels of glycation (fructose-lysine, FL) and advanced glycoxidation and lipoxidation end-products (AGE/ALEs) were measured in total skeletal (gastrocnemius) muscle and myofibril protein and compared to levels of the same compounds in insoluble skin collagen of control and diabetic rats [3].
 

Biological context of fructosyl-lysine

 

Anatomical context of fructosyl-lysine

 

Associations of fructosyl-lysine with other chemical compounds

 

Gene context of fructosyl-lysine

  • On U937 cells only the 200 kDa fructosyllysine-specific receptor protein and the 165 kDa LDL receptor were involved in binding glycated LDL as evidenced by ligand blotting [6].
  • MS-analysis of the 200 kDa protein showed high homologies with cellular myosin heavy chain, type A. Both fructosyllysine specific binding proteins, cellular myosin heavy chain and nucleolin, are glycosylated [5].
  • Protein is hydrolyzed for 18 h in 6 mol/l HCl at 95 degrees C to yield furosine (epsilon-N-(2-furoylmethyl)-L-lysine) known as a specific degradation product of fructose-lysine [12].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of fructosyl-lysine

  • Hb-bound early glycation (Amadori) products were also measured after each treatment period by high-performance liquid chromatography (fructosyl-valine Hb or HbA1c [A1C]:Diamat) and fructosyl-lysine Hb by LC-MS/MS (A1C:fructosyl-lysine) [13].
  • Furosine is then separated on HPLC and quantified by its UV-absorbance against a prepared fructose-lysine standard [12].

References

  1. Differential expression of fructosyllysine-specific receptors on monocytes and macrophages and possible pathophysiological significance. Brandt, R., Landmesser, C., Vogt, L., Hehmke, B., Hanschke, R., Kasbohm, J., Hartmann, K., Jäger, B., Krantz, S., Michaelis, D. Diabetologia (1996) [Pubmed]
  2. Age-dependent accumulation of N epsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine and N epsilon-(carboxymethyl)hydroxylysine in human skin collagen. Dunn, J.A., McCance, D.R., Thorpe, S.R., Lyons, T.J., Baynes, J.W. Biochemistry (1991) [Pubmed]
  3. Chemical modification of muscle protein in diabetes. Alt, N., Carson, J.A., Alderson, N.L., Wang, Y., Nagai, R., Henle, T., Thorpe, S.R., Baynes, J.W. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (2004) [Pubmed]
  4. Increased fructose-lysine of nail protein and blood glucose control in diabetic patients. Oimomi, M., Nishimoto, S., Kitamura, Y., Matsumoto, S., Hatanaka, H., Baba, S. Horm. Metab. Res. (1986) [Pubmed]
  5. Purification and characterization of a 200 kDa fructosyllysine-specific binding protein from cell membranes of U937 cells. Salazar, R., Brandt, R., Kellermann, J., Krantz, S. Glycoconj. J. (2000) [Pubmed]
  6. Evidence for binding of in vitro glycated low-density lipoproteins by fructosyllysine-specific sites on macrophages and U937 monocyte-like cells. Krantz, S., Michalke, M., Brandt, R., Salazar, R., Hartmann, K. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes (1997) [Pubmed]
  7. Purification and partial amino acid sequencing of a fructosyllysine-specific binding protein from cell membranes of the monocyte-like cell line U937. Krantz, S., Salazar, R., Brandt, R., Kellermann, J., Lottspeich, F. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1995) [Pubmed]
  8. Receptors specific for Amadori-modified glycated albumin on murine endothelial cells. Wu, V.Y., Cohen, M.P. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1994) [Pubmed]
  9. Accumulation of fructosyl-lysine and advanced glycation end products in the kidney, retina and peripheral nerve of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Karachalias, N., Babaei-Jadidi, R., Ahmed, N., Thornalley, P.J. Biochem. Soc. Trans. (2003) [Pubmed]
  10. Levels of fructosyllysine in collagen are low compared with the loss of lysine in diabetic rats: involvement of oxidation in increased cross-linking. Aoki, Y., Karasawa, Y., Yazaki, K., Shirotori, K., Kawa, S., Kiyosawa, K. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. (1997) [Pubmed]
  11. Reliable determination of furosine in human serum and dialysate proteins by high-performance liquid chromatography. Wu, Y.C., Monnier, V., Friedlander, M. J. Chromatogr. B, Biomed. Appl. (1995) [Pubmed]
  12. Specific quantitation by HPLC of protein (lysine) bound glucose in human serum albumin and other glycosylated proteins. Schleicher, E., Wieland, O.H. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. (1981) [Pubmed]
  13. Glycated and oxidized protein degradation products are indicators of fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetes. Ahmed, N., Babaei-Jadidi, R., Howell, S.K., Thornalley, P.J., Beisswenger, P.J. Diabetes Care (2005) [Pubmed]
 
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