Disease relevance of furosine

• Furosine levels were high (listed in descending order) in capsule, cortex and nucleus in both diabetic and senile cataracts [1].
• The amount of APs measured as furosine excreted in the urine is significantly less, however, in renal failure and CAPD patients compared with healthy subjects [2].
• Furosine value of the nail, we believe, is the most useful indicator for evaluating long term control of diabetics and may provide useful information for management of diabetic complications [3].
• Plasma furosine and pentosidine were measured by HPLC in patients with renal dysfunction with or without diabetes mellitus (DM) and dialysate pentosidine and furosine in CAPD patients [4].

Psychiatry related information on furosine

• Protein glycation was evaluated in plasma with a highly specific HPLC-UV technique, using furosine, which is the acid hydrolysis product of epsilon-deoxy-fructosyl-lysine Plasma furosine was almost two times higher in subjects with Alzheimer's disease (p<.005) than in controls, but still 50% lower than in diabetic patients (P<.02) [5].

High impact information on furosine

• Glycation (furosine method) was assessed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and the glycoxidation products carboxymethyllysine (CML) and pentosidine were determined by GC/MS and HPLC, respectively [6].
• Levels of carbonylated proteins, furosine, N(epsilon)-carboxymethyl-lysine-rich proteins and advanced glycation end products increased during serial passaging of fibroblasts in culture [7].
• Analysis of epsilon-N-2-furoylmethyl-L-lysine (furosine) in dried milk by capillary electrophoresis with controlled electroosmotic flow using N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,3-butanediamine in the running electrolyte solution [8].
• The latter technique measures furosine as a specific product after hydrolysis of epsilon-amino-fructose-lysine [9].
• On the other hand, cavernous tissue furosine, pentosidine, galectin-3 and iNOS expression were lower in diabetic rats treated with AG despite an unchanged glycemia level [10].

Biological context of furosine

• RESULTS: ECs cultured in the presence of GA at furosine concentrations corresponding to levels in diabetic patients showed a significant enhancement of apoptosis [11].
• The reaction kinetics of two heat damage indices, HMF and furosine, were examined in four tomato products with different dry matter contents (10.2, 25.5, 28.6, and 34.5%) over a temperature-time range of 80-120 degrees C and 0-255 min [12].
• In the context of identifying intrinsic time temperature integrators (TTIs) for evaluating thermal processing of milk, the possible influence of seasonal variation in milk composition on the applicability of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), lactulose and furosine for process impact assessment was studied [13].
• The extent of non-enzymatic glycosylation was measured by furosine content [14].
• The values of motor nerve conduction velocity and sensory nerve conduction velocity were better correlated with the level of furosine in hair corresponding in the length to 1 year's growth than the levels of FPG and hemoglobin A1c at the time of the determination of nerve conduction velocity [15].

Anatomical context of furosine

• Quantitation of lysine-bound glucose of normal and diabetic erythrocyte membranes by HPLC analysis of furosine [ epsilon-N(L-furoylmethyl)-L-lysine] [16].
• In sciatic nerve cytoskeletal preparations from both diabetic and control animals we found high levels of the early glycation product (measured as furosine) after 6 weeks, which had fallen markedly by 8 months [17].
• METHODS: Murine (t End.1) or human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) were incubated with graded GA concentrations (furosine 0.48-96 nmol/ml) at levels that approximated those reported in sera of diabetic patients (76 +/- 0.02 nmol/ml) [11].
• While the furosine levels in these samples correlated poorly with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels at the time of sampling, better correlations were observed between glycation and the year-long average values of FPG, HbA1c, and the conduction velocities in two peripheral nerves [18].
• Protein-bound product size and in situ formation of furosine in the peritoneal cavity would be the reason for these differences in D/P [4].

Associations of furosine with other chemical compounds

• At the concentrations used in these model systems, similar to those in infant and enteral formulas, furosine values (indirect measure of lysine losses) were higher in lactose than in dextrinomaltose systems, in which only glucose, maltose, maltotriose, and maltotetraose among all of the sugars present showed reactivity with casein [19].
• Hydroxymethylfurfural and furosine reaction kinetics in tomato products [12].
• Ratio of maltose to maltulose and furosine as quality parameters for infant formula [20].
• The yield of furosine during the hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid was optimized [21].
• Based on previous research (isothermal and non-isothermal heating conditions) it was assumed that thermal inactivation of ALP followed first order kinetics, and formation of HMF, lactulose and furosine could be described by pseudo-zero order kinetics [13].

Gene context of furosine

• CONCLUSIONS: We found that Amadori-configurated GA at furosine concentrations similar to those in diabetic patients favoured EC apoptosis through enhancement of iNOS activity [11].
• RESULTS: In both proteins, furosine and CML were progressively generated in accordance with the duration of the incubation period [22].
• Diabetic patients on SHD showed similar levels of glycation indexes as non-diabetic patients, except for the early product furosine that was notably higher [23].
• IMP and DP were stored at 4, 20, and 37 degrees C for approximately 5 months; periodically samples were analyzed to evaluate heat and oxidative damage by measurement of color changes, total phenolics, rutin, lycopene and furosine concentrations, and antioxidant activity of the lipophilic extract [24].
• 9 kJ/mol and 19.2 degrees C for HMF, and 93.9 kJ/mol and 28.4 degrees C for furosine [12].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of furosine

• 5. Capillary electrophoresis is a promising technique for the rapid identification and quantitation of furosine in processed food [8].
• Amadori product was measured as furosine using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) after acid hydrolysis [2].
• Browning and formation of bound hydroxymethyl-furfural determined by HPLC seem to be coupled, while formation of another Maillard reaction product, furosine, occurred gradually and was initiated prior to crystallization [25].
• Employing this method, we were able to show that furosine generated from acid hydrolysis of purified hepatic membranes in a diabetic and non-diabetic animal model agreed with traditional methods assessing total glycated protein (i.e., boronate affinity methods) [26].
• Plasma furosine was remarkably high in DM, hemodialysis (HD), and CAPD patients [4].

References