Psychiatry related information on tsg

• In contrast to Drosophila where tsg expression is limited to early embryos, expression is found throughout mouse and human development [1].

High impact information on tsg

• Twisted gastrulation can function as a BMP antagonist [2].
• We have examined the effects of tsg mutations on the development of cuticule elements, expression of a region specific enhancer trap, and patterns of mitotic domains [3].
• Mutations of tsg only affect the fate of a narrow strip of dorsal midline cells and do not affect dorsal ectoderm cells [3].
• Tsg is expressed by thymocytes and up-regulated after T cell receptor signaling at two developmental checkpoints, the transition from the DN to the DP and from the DP to the CD4(+) or CD8(+) single-positive stage [4].
• We have uncovered a role for Tsg at a much later stage of mammalian development, during T cell differentiation in the thymus [4].

Biological context of tsg

• In accord with this result, coexpression of intact Sog and Tsg in developing wings generates a phenotype very similar to that of Supersog [5].
• When only one copy of Bmp4 is present, a requirement of Tsg for embryonic development is revealed [6].
• Thus, the tsg gene may be a good indicator of the frequency and nature of evolutionary changes affecting patterns of gene expression [7].

Anatomical context of tsg

• This indicates that normal tsg gene product may be required only on the dorsal side of the embryo, potentially in the region which gives rise to the amnion serosa [8].
• Furthermore we provide evidence that TSG is directly involved in BMP-regulated chondrocyte differentiation and maturation [9].
• Here we show for the first time by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry that TSG is strongly expressed in bovine and mouse growth plate cartilage as well as in fetal ribs, vertebral cartilage, and cartilage anlagen of the skull [9].

Associations of tsg with chemical compounds

• We report that tsg homologs from human, mouse, zebrafish, and Xenopus share 72-98% identity at the amino acid level and retain all 24 cysteine residues from Drosophila [1].

Regulatory relationships of tsg

• Both fog and tsg embryos continue to develop, but form disorganized first instar larvae. fog and tsg are zygotically active genes expressed at least by 10 and 20 min after the onset of gastrulation [8].

Other interactions of tsg

• Consistent with this finding, sog(- )and tsg(-) mutants exhibit similar dorsal patterning defects during early gastrulation [5].
• Despite this common property, Cv shows a different BMP ligand specificity as compared with Tsg, and its expression is limited to the developing wing [10].
• We also confirm that Tsg and Cv have similar biochemical activities: Sog/Cv complex binds a Dpp/Gbb heterodimer with high affinity [11].
• crossveinless defines a new family of Twisted-gastrulation-like modulators of bone morphogenetic protein signalling [10].
• Mutations at the folded gastrulation (fog) and twisted gastrulation (tsg) loci interfere with early morphogenetic movements in Drosophila melanogaster. fog embryos do not form a normal posterior midgut and although their germbands do elongate, they do not extend dorsally [8].

References