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Hoffmann, R. A wiki for the life sciences where authorship matters. Nature Genetics (2008)
 
MeSH Review

Thymus Gland

 
 
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Disease relevance of Thymus Gland

 

Psychiatry related information on Thymus Gland

 

High impact information on Thymus Gland

  • This is not due to lack of expression of myelin antigens in the thymus resulting in escape of PLP 139-151 reactive cells from central tolerance, but is due to expression of a splice variant of PLP named DM20, which lacks the residues 116-150 [8].
  • Notch receptors and their ligands are expressed in the mammalian thymus, raising the possibility that Notch could regulate T cell fate decisions [9].
  • Expression of these molecules, which serve as coreceptors by interacting specifically with either MHC class II or class I molecules, also defines discrete stages of T cell development within the thymus [10].
  • However, as the tissue distribution widens for those cells that express CD40 and gp39, we can now show that this ligand-receptor pair also plays an important role in the selection of self-reactive T cells in the thymus (central tolerance) and the regulation of tolerance in mature T cells (peripheral tolerance) [11].
  • Multiple organs of the human hematolymphoid system have been successfully engrafted into the immunodeficient C.B-17 scid scid mouse, including fetal liver, thymus, lymph node, and skin [12].
 

Chemical compound and disease context of Thymus Gland

  • Inbred male F344 rats treated with 20 mg methylazoxymethanol (MAM)/kg body weight showed minimal damage to DNA in bone marrow, spleen, and thymus and no suppression of the humoral immune response to human serum albumin (HSA) [13].
  • RESULTS: Intragastric and s.c. administration of probiotic and E. coli DNA ameliorated the severity of DSS-induced colitis, whereas methylated probiotic DNA, calf thymus DNA, and DNase-treated probiotics had no effect [14].
  • Inactivation of Rho function in the thymus was achieved by thymic targeting of a transgene encoding C3 transferase from Clostridium botulinum which selectively ADP-ribosylates Rho within its effector domain and thereby abolishes its biological function [15].
  • This report describes a congenital myopathy and major loss of thymic lymphocytes in ankyrin-B (-/-) mice as well as dramatic alterations in intracellular localization of key components of the Ca(2+) homeostasis machinery in ankyrin-B (-/-) striated muscle and thymus [16].
  • Here we report that apoptosis could be induced in TGase2-/- mice; however, the clearance of apoptotic cells was defective during the involution of thymus elicited by dexamethasone, anti-CD3 antibody, or gamma-irradiation, and in the liver after induced hyperplasia [17].
 

Biological context of Thymus Gland

 

Anatomical context of Thymus Gland

  • Poly(A)+ protamine mRNA was isolated from trout testis cells in a very pure form, and artificial poly(A)- protamine mRNA molecules were derived from it by enzymatic deadenylation with RNAase H from calf thymus after hybridization with oligo(dT) [22].
  • The frequency of normal murine B lymphocytes initiating growth in diluted suspension cultures in the presence of a B cell mitogen, such as lipopolysaccharide, can be increased approximately 10(4) fold by the addition of 2 X 10(6) normal thymus cells per ml [23].
  • The thymus glands of all patients with CID and ADA deficiency who could be examined have evidence of thymic involution manifested by presence of Hassall's corpuscles and differentiated germinal epithelium; this is in contrast to "classic" thymus findings in CID with normal ADA [24].
  • Lymphocyte differentiation and major histocompatibility complex antigen expression in the embryonic thymus [25].
  • We report here a virtual absence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-positive (TdT+) cells in the bone marrow, thymus and spleen of motheaten mice [26].
 

Associations of Thymus Gland with chemical compounds

  • A new procedure is described which allows selective reversal of formaldehyde cross-linking in both histone-histone and histone-DNA of nuclei isolated from calf thymus [27].
  • The gene underlying Netherton disease (SPINK5) encodes a 15-domain serine proteinase inhibitor (LEKTI) which is expressed in epithelial and mucosal surfaces and in the thymus [28].
  • In particular, it has been found that the tolerance to graft-type H-2 determinants which normally ensues when T cells differentiate in an H-2-different thymus fails to occur when the thymus is pretreated with deoxyguanosine (dGuo), a procedure that selectively destroys Mphi/DC but spares epithelial cells [29].
  • Recent studies suggest that this inhibitory phosphorylation may be caused by p50csk (for C-terminal Src kinase), a tyrosine protein kinase which accumulates most abundantly in thymus and spleen [30].
  • The dimeric cell-surface glycoprotein CD8 is crucial to the positive selection of cytotoxic T cells in the thymus [31].
 

Gene context of Thymus Gland

  • As expected, p53 protein levels were not induced by IR in thymus of Atm-deficient mice [32].
  • Transgenic complementation with wild-type Nik restored the normal structures of LN, PP, spleen and thymus, and the normal immune response in aly/aly mice [33].
  • Here we show that cloned Pax5-deficient pro-B cells transferred into RAG2-deficient mice provide long-term reconstitution of the thymus and give rise to mature T cells expressing alpha/beta-T-cell receptors [34].
  • Expression and ablation studies identified the thymus, where Gcm1, another Gcm homologue, is expressed, as the additional, downregulatable source of PTH [35].
  • While evaluating the abnormalities in alphaGC-induced immune responses, we observed that Sh2d1a-/- animals lacked NKT cells in the thymus and peripheral organs [36].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Thymus Gland

References

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  15. The GTPase Rho has a critical regulatory role in thymus development. Henning, S.W., Galandrini, R., Hall, A., Cantrell, D.A. EMBO J. (1997) [Pubmed]
  16. Ankyrin-B is required for intracellular sorting of structurally diverse Ca2+ homeostasis proteins. Tuvia, S., Buhusi, M., Davis, L., Reedy, M., Bennett, V. J. Cell Biol. (1999) [Pubmed]
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  21. p53 is required for radiation-induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes. Lowe, S.W., Schmitt, E.M., Smith, S.W., Osborne, B.A., Jacks, T. Nature (1993) [Pubmed]
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  31. Crystal structure of the complex between human CD8alpha(alpha) and HLA-A2. Gao, G.F., Tormo, J., Gerth, U.C., Wyer, J.R., McMichael, A.J., Stuart, D.I., Bell, J.I., Jones, E.Y., Jakobsen, B.K. Nature (1997) [Pubmed]
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