Disease relevance of Likelihood Functions

• A log-logistic dose response model was applied to the incidence data for exencephaly, cleft palate, resorption and cervical rib, and maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) and benchmark dosages (BDs, the lower 95% confidence interval of the MLEs) corresponding to 1% and 5% added risk above background were calculated [1].

High impact information on Likelihood Functions

• For the case of equal theta values within populations and zero theta values between populations, the maximum likelihood estimate is the same as that given by Robertson & Hill in 1984 (70) [2].
• We use the pattern of intron conservation in 684 groups of orthologs from seven fully sequenced eukaryotic genomes to provide maximum likelihood estimates of the number of introns present in the same orthologs in various eukaryotic ancestors [3].
• Haplotype analyses supported the placement of LCA1 between loci D17S796 and D17S786 (maximum likelihood estimate for location of the disease gene over the D17S1353 locus) [4].
• Using maximum likelihood estimates of nonsynonymous/synonymous rate ratios, we show that the majority of Est-6 sites evolves under strong (48% of sites) or moderate (50% of sites) negative selection and a minority of sites (1.5%) is under significant positive selection [5].
• The maximum likelihood estimate of a hereditary Wilms tumor in our patients is zero and the corresponding 95% upper confidence limit ranges between 0.06 and 0.11, depending on penetrance [6].

Biological context of Likelihood Functions

• The maximum likelihood estimate of the recombination fraction (theta) was thus zero and the peak lod scores (z) were 4.98 (DXS43) and 4.09 (DXS41) [7].
• A comparison of the maximum likelihood estimates of the gene flow between subpopulations is made with those obtained by using Wright's FST statistic [8].
• It is based on the gene counting method which leads to maximum likelihood estimates, and can be used whenever the possible antigens (one or more) on each chromosome can be specified for each person and for each locus, i.e., ABO-like systems and inclusions are permitted [9].

Associations of Likelihood Functions with chemical compounds

• Maximum likelihood estimates were calculated using the software MENDEL [10].
• Five different mathematical extrapolation models were applied to the rat nasal tumor data to produce estimates at 10(-4) risk (the size of the historical data base) of between 3.232 and 0.003 ppm formaldehyde depending on the model and choice of maximum likelihood estimate or lower confidence limit values [11].
• The concentration of methanol in circulating blood was employed as the dose metric, and the maximum likelihood estimate of the blood methanol increment causing a 10% extra risk of these malformations, was 215.4 mg/L, with a lower 95% confidence bound of 97.4 mg/L [12].
• A nonparametric maximum likelihood estimate of F was suggested by Mallet whereas Davidian and Gallant proposed a semiparametric maximum likelihood approach where the maximum likelihood estimate is obtained over a smooth class of distributions [13].

Gene context of Likelihood Functions

• Exploration of the maximum likelihood estimates of the various hypotheses concerning the mode of intergenerational transmission of PICP and BGP demonstrated a good correspondence to the Mendelian mode of inheritance (i.e., major gene effect) [14].
• The maximum likelihood estimate of the recombination rate between the pHHH202 and NF1 loci was found to be O [15].
• It is shown that the matrix of second-order derivatives of the log likelihood function in the case of ABO-like systems can be subjected to explicit inversion in the general case of k antigens [16].
• The SAD function used in conjunction with the automated model-building procedures of ARP/wARP leads to a successful solution when current likelihood functions fail in a test case shown [17].
• Previously, the direct use of prior phase information from a single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) experiment with a multivariate likelihood function applied to automated model building with iterative refinement has been proposed [Skubák et al. (2004), Acta Cryst. D60, 2196-2201] [18].

References