Disease relevance of Viroxime

• The activity of enviroxime against rhinovirus infection in man [1].
• Poliovirus 3A protein (3A) is a critical component of the viral replication complex and is the putative target of enviroxime, an antiviral drug shown to block viral replication [2].
• Activity against rhinoviruses, toxicity, and delivery in aerosol of enviroxime in liposomes [3].
• The therapeutic effect of intranasally administered enviroxime was tested against naturally occurring common colds [4].
• On the other hand, flavone Ro 09-0179 and enviroxime, which were active widely against picornaviruses, had no ability to inactivate the virus directly, and their antiviral activity was not associated with the capsid protein [5].

High impact information on Viroxime

• Moreover, mice exposed to aerosols of liposomes containing both enviroxime and fluorescein isothiophosphatidylethanolamine showed accumulations of the fluorescent marker in the lungs, particularly in or around the tall columnar epithelial cells lining the bronchi and bronchioles [3].
• The therapeutic effect of intranasal 2-amino-1-(isopropylsulphonyl)-6-benzimidazole phenyl ketone oxime (enviroxime) against human rhinovirus type 9 was evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled volunteer trial [6].
• Dual combinations of enviroxime, disoxaril, arildone, PTU-23, HBB and S-7 were evaluated [7].
• Finally, we identified an enviroxime-resistant mutant with an increased level of resistance which apparently has mutations in multiple proteins or RNA sequences [8].
• In addition, enviroxime did not disrupt 3AB's ability to bind RNA or 3D polypeptide, the association of 3AB with membranes, or the cleavage of 3AB by 3C protease [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of Viroxime

• To assess the possible interactions among picornavirus replication inhibitors, inhibitory effects of dual combinations of enviroxime, disoxaril, arildone, S-7, guanidine, PTU-23, and HBB on poliovirus type 1 (Mahoney) replication in FL cells were tested [9].
• The effects of enviroxime, disoxaril and ribavirin in pair combinations on poliovirus type 1 (Mahoney) replication in FL cells were tested [10].

Biological context of Viroxime

• Beforehand, the fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined for each compound alone: enviroxime - 0.2 mumol/1, disoxaril - 0.3 mumol/1, ribavirin - 3 mumol/1 [10].

Associations of Viroxime with other chemical compounds

• Guanidine had additive to synergistic interactions with HBB or enviroxime but antagonistic ones with disoxaril, arildone and PTU-23 [9].

Gene context of Viroxime

• The enviroxime content of liposomes and biological fluids of exposed individuals was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography using C18 resin, a mobile phase of 60:40 acetonitrile:water, and monitoring at 215 nm [11].
• Enviradone (EvirD, (E)-1-[(1-methylethyl) sulfonyl]-6-(1-phenyl-1-propenyl)-1 H- benzimidazole-2-amine) and Enviroxime (EvirX, 2-amino-1-(isopropyl-sulfonyl)-6-benzimidazole phenyl ketone oxime) inhibited enterovirus 70 (EV70) and coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v) infection of conjunctival and laryngeal cells [12].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Viroxime

• Using site-directed mutagenesis of the 3A coding region of rhinovirus 14, we have expanded our analysis of resistance to enviroxime [13].
• To overcome this handicap, we incorporated enviroxime into liposomes and then tested the antirhinovirus activity and toxicity of the liposome-incorporated enviroxime (LE) in cell culture and studied its administration by small-particle aerosol [3].
• Intranasal administration of enviroxime by aerosol spray was associated with drug levels in nasal secretions that 1 h later averaged 750-fold higher than those inhibitory for rhinoviruses in vitro (0.2 microgram/ml) [14].
• Enviroxime has been shown to inhibit the replication of rhinoviruses and other enteroviruses in concentrations as low as nanograms per milliliter in in vitro assays but is markedly less effective in clinical trials [3].
• Determination of enviroxime in a variety of biological matrixes by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection [15].

References