Disease relevance of Epithelial Cells

• These studies suggest that BRCA1 may normally serve as a negative regulator of mammary epithelial cell growth whose function is compromised in breast cancer either by direct mutation or alterations in gene expression [1].
• We demonstrate that this indeed occurs in a mouse model of prostate cancer where epithelial cell cycle disruption via cell-specific inhibition of pRb function induces a paracrine p53 response that suppresses fibroblast proliferation in associated stroma [2].
• Runx3/Pebp2alphaC null mouse gastric mucosa exhibits hyperplasias due to stimulated proliferation and suppressed apoptosis in epithelial cells, and the cells are resistant to growth-inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing action of TGF-beta, indicating that Runx3 is a major growth regulator of gastric epithelial cells [3].
• Cystic fibrosis is associated with defective regulation of apical membrane chloride channels in airway epithelial cells [4].
• We propose that Syk is a potent modulator of epithelial cell growth and a potential tumour suppressor in human breast carcinomas [5].

Psychiatry related information on Epithelial Cells

• CONCLUSIONS: CX3CR1 mediates distinct functional responses in intestinal epithelial cells, which include the autocrine regulation of cell-survival signals and activation of immune modulators, indicating a role of CX3CR1 in host defense mechanisms originating from the intestinal epithelium [6].
• CONCLUSIONS: Leptin is a growth factor in colonic epithelial cells and one that may provide a biological explanation for the observed associations between obesity, physical activity, and colon cancer [7].
• Inability to concentrate urine in response to water deprivation, infusion of hypertonic saline, or exogenous vasopressin administration indicated insensitivity of the collecting duct epithelial cells to vasopressin [8].
• The influence of luminal pH on the colonic epithelial cell cycle was studied by means of dietary modification to produce acidification of colonic contents [9].
• The aim of our study was to assess the presence of carbonic anhydrase in epithelial cells of the choroid plexus during human development [10].

High impact information on Epithelial Cells

• Later, at the CD4+8+ stage, as well as providing low avidity TCR/MHC-peptide interactions, thymic epithelial cells have been shown to possess unique properties essential for positive selection [11].
• Finally, as other members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family have been shown to bind several ligands, it is possible that CD40 may bind other ligands that may trigger CD40 on different cell types such as hematopoietic cells or epithelial cells [12].
• The best studied example of this is the transport of polymeric IgA and IgM by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) across many types of epithelial cells [13].
• Although multiple integrins on airway epithelial cells may support adhesion to the same ligands, the functional roles of each integrin that has been examined in detail are quite distinct [14].
• Moreover, this function has been localized to the apical membrane of chloride secretory epithelial cells [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Epithelial Cells

• Neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP) is a cell-surface enzyme expressed by prostatic epithelial cells that cleaves and inactivates neuropeptides implicated in the growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer (PC) [16].
• Streptococcus pyogenes (also known as group A Streptococcus, GAS), the agent of streptococcal sore throat and invasive soft-tissue infections, attaches to human pharyngeal or skin epithelial cells through specific recognition of its hyaluronic acid capsular polysaccharide by the hyaluronic-acid-binding protein CD44 (refs 1, 2) [17].
• Here we show that primary intestinal (jejunal) epithelial cells express galactosylceramide, an alternative primary receptor for HIV-1, and CCR5 but not CXCR4 [18].
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-core oligosaccharide was identified as the bacterial ligand for epithelial cell ingestion; exogenous oligosaccharide inhibited bacterial ingestion in a neonatal mouse model, resulting in increased amounts of bacteria in the lungs [19].
• CagA delivered from Helicobacter pylori into gastric epithelial cells undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation and induces host cell morphological changes [20].

Biological context of Epithelial Cells

• Elucidation of the structure and function of the hydrophobic surfactant protein (SP-B) and the SP-B gene has provided critical insight into surfactant homeostasis and control of respiratory epithelial cell gene expression [21].
• Alterations in cellular adhesion and apoptosis in epithelial cells overexpressing prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 [22].
• We also show that Zipro1 is expressed in skin, and increased Zipro1 dosage results in a hair-loss phenotype associated with increased epithelial cell proliferation and abnormal hair follicle development [23].
• Conditional mutation of Brca1 in mammary epithelial cells results in blunted ductal morphogenesis and tumour formation [24].
• Together these results suggest that the expression of the activated c-neu oncogene was necessary but not sufficient to induce malignant transformation of the mammary epithelial cells [25].

Anatomical context of Epithelial Cells

• In addition, VFA production and absorption have a very significant effect on epithelial cell growth, blood flow, and the normal secretory and absorptive functions of the large intestine, cecum, and rumen [26].
• The pattern of microtubule regrowth in mammalian fibroblast and epithelial cells has been examined by immunofluorescence of cytoskeletal preparations with antibody to tubulin [27].
• Our results suggest that crumbs plays a key role in specifying the apical plasma membrane domain of ectodermal epithelial cells of Drosophila [28].
• It appears that c-fos specifically stimulates the proliferation of thymic epithelial cells, and may thus indirectly affect T cell development [29].
• GLR-1 glutamate receptors are localized to postsynaptic elements of central synapses and, when ectopically expressed, to basolateral membranes of epithelial cells [30].

Associations of Epithelial Cells with chemical compounds

• These go through the intricate process of mesenchyme-to-epithelium transition by which epithelial cell polarization is initiated, and they continue to differentiate into the highly specialized epithelial cell populations of the nephron [31].
• Binding studies with tritiated oxytocin and vasopressin have permitted determination of the kinetic parameters of hormone-receptor interaction in amphibian epithelial cells and mammalian kidney [32].
• Most of the butyrate is converted to ketone bodies or CO2 by the epithelial cells, and nearly all of the remainder is removed by the liver [26].
• Here, we identify the product of human MTA3 as an estrogen-dependent component of the Mi-2/NuRD transcriptional corepressor in breast epithelial cells and demonstrate that MTA3 constitutes a key component of an estrogen-dependent pathway regulating growth and differentiation [33].
• Moreover, the wild-type allele of TLR4 rescues the LPS hyporesponsive phenotype in either primary airway epithelial cells or alveolar macrophages obtained from individuals with the TLR4 mutations [34].

Gene context of Epithelial Cells

• We present results from whole-cell and single-channel patch-clamp recordings, short-circuit current recordings, and [gamma-32P]ATP release assays of normal, CF, and wild-type or mutant CFTR-transfected CF airway cultured epithelial cells wherein CFTR regulates ORCCs by triggering the transport of the potent agonist, ATP, out of the cell [35].
• The response of human epithelial cells to TNF involves an inducible autocrine cascade [36].
• Both cyclin D1 and estrogens have an essential role in regulating proliferation of breast epithelial cells [37].
• The physiological expression of TERT within normal epithelial cells that retain proliferative potential and its presence at the earliest stages of tumorigenesis have implications for the regulation of telomerase expression and for the identification of cells that may be targets for malignant transformation [38].
• Syndecan-1 is a cell-surface, heparan-sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) predominantly expressed by epithelial cells [39].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Epithelial Cells

• These filaments were indistinguishable, by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopic criteria, from keratin filament arrays present in true epithelial cells [40].
• Transplantation and OPGL-rescue experiments in opgl-/- and rank-/- pregnant females showed that OPGL acts directly on RANK-expressing mammary epithelial cells [41].
• By an affinity chromatography approach, we identified E-cadherin as the ligand for internalin, an L. monocytogenes protein essential for entry into epithelial cells [42].
• Using acid-ethanol extraction to remove TGF beta from human plasma and a mink-lung epithelial-cell growth-inhibition assay to measure TGF beta activity, we quantified plasma TGF beta in 10 normal subjects and 41 patients before and after they underwent high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation for advanced breast cancer [43].
• The success of adenoviral vectors for gene therapy of lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) depends on efficient transfer of the complementary DNA encoding the correct version of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) to the affected columnar epithelial cells lining the airways of the lung [44].

References