Disease relevance of mxa

• Hirame rhabdovirus stimulated expression of Mx protein in the infected and surrounding HINAE cells [1].
• Differential expression of two Carassius auratus Mx genes in cultured CAB cells induced by grass carp hemorrhage virus and interferon [2].
• Similar to mammalian Mx, the OsgMx are members of a family of interferon-inducible genes that are expressed by cells in response to nodavirus and iridovirus naturally-infected [3].

High impact information on mxa

• Treatment with the known IFN inducer polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid (poly[I]-poly[C]) resulted in an increase in zfIFN mRNA transcripts. zfIFN was also able to activate the IFN-inducible Mx promoter when cotransfected with a plasmid containing the zebrafish Mx promoter upstream of a luciferase reporter gene [4].
• The PAb detected the approximately 71 kDa Mx protein from Japanese flounder (hirame) natural embryo (HINAE) cells that had been cultured with poly I:C, an interferon inducer, but not in unstimulated cells [1].
• The polyclonal antibody did not cross react with Mx protein from carp epithelial, grouper fin and zebrafish embryo cell lines that had been similarly induced or transfected with poly I:C [1].
• Poly I:C stimulation of HINAE cells induced an early increase in Mx protein mRNA transcripts, but maximum Mx mRNA transcript and protein expression was reached after 48 h [1].
• The zebrafish Mx promoter contains two ISREs homologous to those found in the promoter regions of many IFN-inducible genes, and was able to drive transcription of a luciferase reporter gene when induced by either purified zebrafish IFN or Poly[I:C] [5].

Biological context of mxa

• Transient transfection of grouper cells in gfp-reporter gene assays shows that the activation of the grouper Mx promoter fragment by Poly[I:C] is sufficient to allow the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) [3].

Anatomical context of mxa

• Zebrafish liver cells produced high levels of Mx mRNA in response to induction by the known IFN-inducer polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly[I:C]) [5].

Associations of mxa with chemical compounds

• Their putative proteins show the characteristically structural features of mammalian IFN-induced Mx proteins, including GTP-binding motif, dynamin family signature and leucine zipper motif [2].
• Furthermore, antiviral activity of Mx protein from Atlantic salmon and Japanese flounder has recently been demonstrated [6].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of mxa

• Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of cDNA encoding an orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) homolog of Mx ("OsgMx") was conducted and its possible role in fish immunity was analysed [3].

References