Disease relevance of Hemorrhage

• Controlled trial of propranolol for the prevention of recurrent variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis [1].
• Low-intensity anticoagulation with warfarin prevented cerebral infarction in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation without producing an excess risk of major hemorrhage [2].
• We have previously reported that long-term therapy with warfarin is effective for preventing recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with proximal-vein thrombosis but that there is an appreciable risk of hemorrhage [3].
• In a systematic review of data on drug use and adverse clinical events in infants with birth weights under 2000 g, we observed an association between germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage and the use of heparin to maintain the patency of vascular catheters [4].
• A controlled study of ranitidine for the prevention of recurrent hemorrhage from duodenal ulcer [5].

Psychiatry related information on Hemorrhage

• These data indicate that elevations in the plasma vasopressin concentration within the range observed during 24 h of water deprivation and nonhypotensive hemorrhage produced significant decreases in renin secretion and heart rate and elevations in blood pressure and corticosteroid secretion [6].
• The predominant protein of cerebrovascular and plaque core amyloid in Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, hereditary hemorrhage with amyloidosis--Dutch type, sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and age-related amyloidosis is a unique polypeptide, called beta protein [7].
• Cortical petechial hemorrhage, leukoencephalopathy, and subacute dementia associated with seizures due to cerebral amyloid angiopathy [8].
• Administration of warfarin is also followed by an increased risk both of fetal intraventricular hemorrhage, and of cerebral microbleedings, which may result in microencephaly and mental retardation [9].
• To elucidate the interaction between injury and host defense mechanisms, we measured interleukin 2 (IL 2) production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 21 patients immediately after unanesthetized, accidental hemorrhage or trauma [10].

High impact information on Hemorrhage

• The rates of major hemorrhage were low (2.22 per 100 patient-years in the warfarin group and 1.49 per 100 patient-years in the aspirin group) [11].
• This pathology was independent of bacterial overgrowth and was characterized by increased myeloperoxidase activity, moderate degeneration of myenteric neurons, and intraluminal hemorrhage [12].
• Hemorrhages occur in the CNS of PS1 null mutants with varying location, severity, and time of onset [13].
• After a mean follow-up of 61 weeks, 3 of the 32 patients treated with ranitidine had recurrent hemorrhage, as compared with 12 of the 33 given placebo (P < 0.05) [5].
• Propranolol in the prevention of first upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices [14].

Chemical compound and disease context of Hemorrhage

• The association did not appear to vary according to the severity of hemorrhage or to the method of administration or dose of heparin [4].
• Thus, monitoring of the single-breath carbon monoxide uptake alone can detect episodes of lung hemorrhage [15].
• Regional infusion of dopamine for traumatic hemorrhage [16].
• In the light of the absence of a demonstrable beneficial effect and the presence of a significant harmful effect, current practices of using dexamethasone for treatment of primary supratentorial hemorrhage should be reconsidered [17].
• Prostacyclin caused no clinically important changes in the intrinsic clotting system, and there were no hemorrhages or clotting of the coil [18].
• The results indicate that AM/AMBP-1 administration prevented metabolic acidosis, mitigated organ injury, down-regulated preproendothelin-1 gene expression, and decreased plasma levels of endothelin-1 after hemorrhage [19].

Biological context of Hemorrhage

• These findings indicate that GP, through its mucin domain, is the viral determinant of Ebola pathogenicity and likely contributes to hemorrhage during infection [20].
• The role of pharmacologic agents (eg, propranolol) intended to prevent variceal hemorrhage by reducing portal pressure remains to be established [21].
• This modulation of TF expression in the absence of hemorrhage suggested that TF may function in processes other than hemostasis by altering protease generation in normal and diseased brain [22].
• When IgG immune complex deposition was induced in dermis and in lungs of rats, treatment with CL-3 anti-ELAM-1 markedly reduced vascular injury as measured by changes in vascular permeability (leakage of 125I-albumin) and hemorrhage (extravasation of 51Cr-red blood cells) [23].
• The effects of sulfhydryl compounds, especially ergothioneine, on nitrosation at physiologic pH and temperature might be significant in the in vivo formation of N-nitrosamines in the hemorrhage or ulcerous gastrointestinal tract or injured organs [24].

Anatomical context of Hemorrhage

• Bleeding occurred frequently in the absence of abnormalities of clotting tests, suggesting that hemorrhage in amyloidosis is most often due to amyloid infiltration of blood vessels [25].
• While it may seem obvious that brisk elevations in circulating levels of vasopressin in response to hemorrhage, or of oxytocin in response to suckling, must of necessity arise from magnocellular neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus, the central pathways mediating these reflexes have, until quite recently, remained elusive [26].
• These characteristics indicate that gp49B-/- mice are exquisitely sensitive to a local Shwartzman reaction (LSR) after a single i.d. injection of LPS, whereas in the classic LSR, a second exposure is required for increased beta2 integrin function, intravascular neutrophil aggregation, formation of occlusive thrombi, and hemorrhage [27].
• We found that neuronal overexpression of human E693Q APP in mice (APPDutch mice) caused extensive CAA, smooth muscle cell degeneration, hemorrhages and neuroinflammation [28].
• In this model, ICAM-1-mediated protection against SEB lethality correlates with a decrease in the systemic release of inflammatory cytokines, as well as with prevention of extensive hepatocyte necrosis and hemorrhage [29].

Gene context of Hemorrhage

• The combined loss of Hey1 and Hey2, however, results in embryonic death after embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) with a global lack of vascular remodeling and massive hemorrhage [30].
• These results demonstrate that hemorrhage initially increases pulmonary cytokine expression through alpha- but not beta-adrenergic stimulation, and suggest that such alpha-adrenergic-mediated effects occur through activation of the transcriptional regulatory factor NF-kappaB [31].
• The full coding sequence of a variant angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) cDNA was obtained from HCC specimens, and the biologic consequences of overexpression on tumor formation and hemorrhage were determined in an animal model system [32].
• Edg1(-/-) mice exhibited embryonic hemorrhage leading to intrauterine death between E12.5 and E14 [33].
• Also, ectopic expression of epidermal K14 in mouse liver results in chronic hepatitis, and disruption of mouse K8 leads to embryo lethality with extensive liver hemorrhage [34].
• By comparing TNF-alpha(-/-) to IgH(-/-), C5(-/-), and wild-type mice, we found that TNF-alpha was important for the development of hemorrhage [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Hemorrhage

• Acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage remains a catastrophic event with a high mortality from either exsanguination or hepatic coma precipitated by shock and the stress associated with massive blood transfusion, increased protein load in the gut, and the trauma of various procedures employed in an effort to arrest the bleeding [36].
• A controlled comparison of continuous intraarterial and intravenous infusions of vasopressin in hemorrhage from esophageal varices [37].
• Primary prophylaxis of variceal hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial comparing band ligation, propranolol, and isosorbide mononitrate [38].
• CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis suggests that somatostatin is more efficacious in controlling acute hemorrhage from esophageal varices and has a lower risk of adverse effects than vasopressin [39].
• In all patients admitted to our hospital with signs of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage in whom Dieulafoy's disease was diagnosed at emergency endoscopy, an attempt was made to stop the bleeding or to prevent further hemorrhage by local injection of polidocanol, or by bipolar electrocoagulation, or by a combination of both [40].

References