Disease relevance of SPATA2

• Administration of RvDs or PD1 to mice before the ischemia resulted in a reduction in functional and morphological kidney injury [1].
• A retrospective estimate of lifetime cotton dust exposure based on SDPRES correlated best with the prevalence of byssinosis (r = 0.797), although correlations with PD1 (r = 0.709) and SDPRES (r = 0.594) were also significant [2].
• PD-1 is expressed by tumor-infiltrating immune cells and is associated with poor outcome for patients with renal cell carcinoma [3].

High impact information on SPATA2

• Both RvDs and PD1 reduced the number of infiltrating leukocytes and blocked TLR-mediated activation of macrophages [1].
• Omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid is converted to potent resolvins (Rv) and protectin D1 (PD1), two newly identified families of natural mediators of resolution of inflammation [1].
• B7-H1 is known to impair host immunity via interaction with the Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) receptor, which is expressed by activated T cells [3].
• The solution structure of the HckSH3:PD1 complex, which is the first HckSH3 complex structure available, clearly reveals that the P(-3) tyrosine residue of PD1 does not take the position of the typical anchor residue but rather forms additional van der Waals interactions with the HckSH3 RT loop [4].
• Instead, lysine at position P(-4) of PD1 substitutes the function of the P(-3) anchor residue [4].

Biological context of SPATA2

• This sequence, named PD1, reveals an open reading frame encoding a protein of 520 amino acids [5].
• Cloning and characterization of the promoter region of human spata2 (spermatogenesis-associated protein 2) gene [6].
• We studied the interaction of hematopoietic cell kinase SH3 domain (HckSH3) with an artificial 12-residue proline-rich peptide PD1 (HSKYPLPPLPSL) identified as high affinity ligand (K(D)=0.2 muM) [4].
• In the AVPV-containing tissues of PD1 rats, there were significant sex differences in the level of Bcl-2 (female > male) and Bax (female < male) proteins, but not of Bcl-xL or Bad proteins [7].
• This study showed that the genotype distributions of PD-1 7209 C/T polymorphisms were significantly different between the patients with SLE and controls (P=0.002, Pc=0.018) [8].

Anatomical context of SPATA2

• Northern blot analysis for PD1 mRNA from several human tissues demonstrated two distinct transcripts of 2.7 (more abundant) and 4.0 kb and revealed that PD1 is expressed in testis and to a lesser extent also in spleen, thymus, and prostate [5].

Associations of SPATA2 with chemical compounds

• In contrast, estrogen pre-treatment poorly reduced FSH levels on PD1 compared with OCP or progestogen [9].
• Moxifloxacin solution (2%) was injected into nine 2-L bags of Dianeal PD1 1.36%((R)) and nine bags of Dianeal PD1 3.86%((R)) under aseptic conditions to achieve a nominal concentration of 25 mg/L [10].
• Methods: Dialysis solution bags were used at two glucose concentrations; Dianeal PD1 1.36%((R)) and Dianeal PD1 3.86%((R)) [10].
• Compounds derived from EPA are designated resolvins of the E series (RvE1), and those biosynthesized from DHA are denoted resolvins of the D series (RvD) and docosatriene, such as protectin D1 (PD1), which belongs to the family of protectins [11].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of SPATA2

• We report that, in response to bilateral ischemia/reperfusion injury, mouse kidneys produce D series resolvins (RvDs) and PD1 [1].
• Stability of moxifloxacin injection in peritoneal dialysis solution bags (Dianeal PD1 1.36% and Dianeal PD1 3.86%) [10].

References