Disease relevance of Sex Characteristics

• RESULTS: We observed a sex difference in cardiac arrhythmias associated with administration of erythromycin [1].
• Previous examination of a large melanoma kindred from Texas suggested that although cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) was transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion, there were sex differences in penetrance and disease expression [2].
• Lack of sex difference in CD4 to HIV-1 RNA viral load ratio [3].
• A final section on Evolving Information considers etiologic concepts, the nature of left ventricular contration abnormalities, the cause of chest pain, the relationship to Marfan's syndrome and ostium secundum atrial septal defect, and the effect of aging and sex differences on leaflet chordal redundancy [4].
• No sex difference was found in either cardiac norepinephrine content or nonexocytotic norepinephrine overflow induced by a 40-minute period of stop-flow ischemia [5].

Psychiatry related information on Sex Characteristics

• In all phases of drug abuse, females seem to be more sensitive to the rewarding effects of drugs than males, and estrogen is a major factor that underlies these sex differences [6].
• Studies by other investigators have reported additional significant sex differences in ethanol seeking and drinking behaviors and across several measures of ethanol dependence and withdrawal [7].
• The present findings of somatostatin neuronal sex differences in the BSTc and its sex reversal in the transsexual brain clearly support the paradigm that in transsexuals sexual differentiation of the brain and genitals may go into opposite directions and point to a neurobiological basis of gender identity disorder [8].
• The demonstrated sex differences in the response of MCH neurons to glucose correlated well with the gonadal steroid milieu; thus, MCH neurons may play an important role in sex differences in feeding behavior [9].
• A sex difference and no effect of ApoE type on the amount of cytoskeletal alterations in the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Alzheimer's disease [10].

High impact information on Sex Characteristics

• Sex differences in plasma homovanillic acid in acute psychosis [11].
• It has been suggested that female birds put more resources into eggs fathered by attractive males by laying larger eggs or by adding more testosterone, but this inference could be undermined if eggs of different sex are provisioned differently, as these studies did not control for sex differences [12].
• Gonadal steroid induction of structural sex differences in the central nervous system [13].
• Sex differences in rat brain oestrogen and progestin receptors [14].
• Sex difference in response to alphaxalone anaesthesia may be oestrogen dependent [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Sex Characteristics

• A dose-response study of progestin receptor induction in the medial preoptic nucleus (mPON), arcuate-median eminence region (ARC-ME), and VMN of male and female rats indicated a sex difference in cytosol progestin binding in the VMN at all EB doses tested (2, 8, 40, or 200 micrograms/kg body weight) [16].
• Thus, the present study showed that the inductions of urinary bladder carcinomas by uracil, a nongenotoxic compound, in rats and mice showed sex differences and were related to the presence of calculi in the urinary bladder [17].
• Since SBP2 has been described as the major target for acetaminophen in mouse liver cytosol, these findings are discussed with respect to their possible relevance for sex differences in acetaminophen-mediated toxicity, which have been described in a variety of mammals including mice and rats [18].
• These findings with PCP and monkeys are consistent with vertical upward shifts of cocaine dose-response functions in previous escalation studies in male rats and reports of sex differences (F>M) during several other phases of drug abuse [19].
• Although oxidation of uroporphyrinogen I to uroporphyrin I by hepatic microsomes from rats pretreated with porphyrogenic regimes of HCB and PCBs was induced, there was no correlation with the in vivo sex difference in porphyria development [20].

Biological context of Sex Characteristics

• We explore sex differences in morphology, neurochemistry, and hippocampal-dependent behaviors to propose a new prototype that can be used to explain and further investigate the effects of steroid hormones, those synthesized gonadally or intracerebrally, on hippocampal development and function [21].
• PURPOSE: This study further evaluated the age at diagnosis, sex difference in penetrance and disease expression, and segregation of familial CMM [2].
• We asked whether Bax, a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins that is required for cell death in many developing neurons, might be essential for sex differences in neuron number [22].
• A specific membrane binding protein for progesterone in rat brain: sex differences and induction by estrogen [23].
• The effects of smoking, aspirin ingestion, and sex differences on bleeding times and bleeding time thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin (PG)F1 alpha production were examined [24].

Anatomical context of Sex Characteristics

• Striking sex difference was detected in the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) beta mRNA and protein by nonisotopic in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) of the rat preoptic area [25].
• Progesterone conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a probe to study sex differences and the effects of hormonal status on binding of progesterone to crude synaptosomal membrane preparations (P2) derived from the mediobasal hypothalamic-anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area or the corpus striatum [23].
• No sex differences in cytosol progestin binding in the mPON or ARC-ME were observed at any of the tested doses [16].
• Effects of sex difference, gonadectomy, and estrogen on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea induced rat thyroid tumors [26].
• At least in cholelithiasic gallbladders, this suggests that a sex difference exists in the coexpression of estrogen and progesterone receptors [27].

Associations of Sex Characteristics with chemical compounds

• Sex difference in ontogenesis of circadian adrenocortical rhythm in cortisone-primed rats [28].
• Sex differences in regional cerebral glucose metabolism during a resting state [29].
• Sex differences in serotonin 1 receptor binding in rat brain [30].
• Profound sex differences are found in the volumes of specific nuclei, and the frequencies and types of synapses, in estradiol-concentrating brain regions [31].
• However, there are a number of observations that are not explainable by the 'androgen theory of sexual differentiation'. Results obtained from cultures of embryonic rat brain tissue appear to indicate that dopaminergic neurons may develop morphological and functional sex differences in the absence of sex steroids [32].

Gene context of Sex Characteristics

• This study provides further evidence for the hypothesis that the DISC1 gene is involved in the aetiology of schizophrenia, and implies a putative sex difference for the effect of the gene [33].
• Despite well documented sex differences in serum hPRL levels, there were no significant differences in the levels of hPRLBP found in the sera of normal adult males and females (15.3 +/- 1.3 ng/ml versus 13.4 +/- 0.8 ng/ml, respectively (mean +/- S.E.)) [34].
• The greater effect of diabetes on CAC in women than in men, i.e., the loss of the sex difference in CAC, was independent of CETP and PLTP activity and CET [35].
• We describe here a sex difference in endothelin action in hepatocytes because, in female rats, 80% of the ET receptors are of ETB type and, accordingly, activation of glycogenolysis is an ETB-mediated process (EC50 = 0.03 pM) [36].
• Sex differences in dopamine receptors and their relevance to ADHD [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Sex Characteristics

• Contribution of GIRK2-mediated postsynaptic signaling to opiate and alpha 2-adrenergic analgesia and analgesic sex differences [38].
• Second, premenopausal women had lower levels of PAI-1 than men of a similar age (14.8 +/- 0.6 versus 20.3 +/- 0.8 ng/mL, P < .001); this sex difference diminished when postmenopausal women not receiving hormone replacement therapy were compared with men of a similar age (19.6 +/- 0.7 versus 21.1 +/- 0.7 ng/mL, P = .089) [39].
• Long-term (5-year) changes in HDL cholesterol in cardiac rehabilitation patients. Do sex differences exist [40]?
• It has recently been suggested that this sex difference in progestin receptor induction may only be present after treatment with large doses of estrogen [16].
• These data show that senescent female Tg2576 mice deposit more amyloid in the brain than do male mice, and may provide an animal model in which the influence of sex differences on cerebral amyloid pathology can be evaluated [41].

References