Disease relevance of Leukocytes

• Human leukocyte interferon and cimetidine for metastatic melanoma [1].
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic joint disease characterized by leukocyte invasion and synoviocyte activation followed by cartilage and bone destruction [2].
• To explore the genetic basis of this event, we evaluated respiratory epithelial cells and blood leukocytes from 124 individuals (38 with cystic fibrosis (CF), 86 without CF) [3].
• DNA analysis of peripheral-blood leukocytes is routinely used to demonstrate mutations in the dystrophin gene in patients with Duchenne's or Becker's muscular dystrophy [4].
• In inflammation and thrombosis, P-selectin may mediate the interaction of leukocytes with platelets bound in the region of tissue injury and with stimulated endothelium [5].

Psychiatry related information on Leukocytes

• Congenital disorder of glycosylation IIc (CDG IIc), also termed leukocyte adhesion deficiency II, is a recessive syndrome characterized by slowed growth, mental retardation, and severe immunodeficiency [6].
• This study demonstrated that the extent of oxidative DNA damage among chronic hemodialysis patients not only is influenced by overproduction of reactive oxygen species resulting from leukocyte contacts with complement-activating membranes and by impaired antioxidant defense mechanisms but also is genetically determined [7].
• Among others, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, serum amyloid A (SAA), and white blood cells (WBC) were measured, and dietary habits (including fish consumption) were evaluated using a validated food frequency questionnaire [8].
• In all subjects, several candidate risk factors were assessed: sex, age, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, glucose, HbA1c, insulin, urate, lipids, apolipoproteins A1 and B, blood pressure, lipoprotein(a), fibrinogen, antithrombin III, factor V Leiden mutation, ferritin, leukocyte count, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, and socioeconomic status [9].
• In the present study, we examined the presence of PrP in fibroblasts and leukocytes derived from eight CJD patients with the codon 200 mutation [10].

High impact information on Leukocytes

• This immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif has become the hallmark of a growing family of receptors with inhibitory potential, which are expressed in various cell types such as monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, leukocytes, and mast cells [11].
• TGF-beta 1 is produced by every leukocyte lineage, including lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, and its expression serves in both autocrine and paracrine modes to control the differentiation, proliferation, and state of activation of these immune cells [12].
• CD22 is a member of the Ig superfamily that serves as an adhesion receptor for sialic acid-bearing ligands expressed on erythrocytes and all leukocyte classes [13].
• The primary structures of leukocyte receptors for N-formyl peptides, C5a, platelet-activating factor, and 8 of the 18 known human chemokines (interleukin-8 and related molecules) have been deduced from cloned cDNAs [14].
• CD45 is one of the most abundant leukocyte cell surface glycoproteins and is expressed exclusively upon cells of the hematopoietic system [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Leukocytes

• The beta2 integrin leukocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-1) has an important role in the pathophysiology of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases [16].
• Cell survival was reduced minimally after repression of high multiplicity HSV type 1 (HSV-1) infection of human fibroblast cells with (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine in combination with human leukocyte interferon (IFN-alpha) [17].
• When the leukocyte esterase and nitrite dipstick tests are combined, the positive predictive value for detecting bacteriuria exceeded 12% in groups with a 5% or higher prevalence of bacteriuria: women who are pregnant, diabetic, or over 60 years of age and all institutionalized elderly [18].
• Vidarabine monophosphate and human leukocyte interferon in chronic hepatitis B infection [19].
• Unsuspected osteomyelitis in diabetic foot ulcers. Diagnosis and monitoring by leukocyte scanning with indium in 111 oxyquinoline [20].

Biological context of Leukocytes

• This gene, called CIAS1, is expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes and encodes a protein with a pyrin domain, a nucleotide-binding site (NBS, NACHT subfamily) domain and a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motif region, suggesting a role in the regulation of inflammation and apoptosis [21].
• In five subjects, a four-hour infusion of somatostatin (500 micrograms per hour) had no definite effect on platelet count, leukocyte count, hematocrit, platelet adhesiveness and aggregation, bleeding time, partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and fibrinogen levels [22].
• The IIb-IIIa glycoprotein complex that mediates platelet aggregation is directly implicated in leukocyte adhesion [23].
• Mutations of p53 that changed the predicted amino acid sequence were identified in leukocyte DNA from 4 of the 59 patients (6.8 percent) [24].
• Our results show that the absence of endothelial selectins severely affects leukocyte homeostasis and indicate that these two selectins are as important for normal leukocyte function as are the leukocyte beta2 integrins [25].

Anatomical context of Leukocytes

• Analysis of CD45 isoform expression has revealed a hitherto unrecognized plasticity in isoform usage by T cells and other leukocytes, adding to the regulatory complexity of isoform expression [15].
• For both leukocytes and neutrophils, the first cycle nadir, mean of all treatment nadirs, and the lowest nadir observed during treatment were significantly higher in the lithium group [26].
• VCAM-1 mRNA is present in endothelial cells at 2 hr after treatment with IL-1 or TNF-alpha and is maintained for at least 72 hr; leukocyte binding activity parallels mRNA induction [27].
• We measured the activity of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) acyltransferase, a peroxisomal enzyme with a major role in ether lipid synthesis, in fibroblasts and leukocytes from patients with Zellweger syndrome [28].
• We conclude that allergen-induced early and late asthmatic reactions are accompanied by activation of leukocytes and that these alterations probably reflect the release of mediators from mast cells rather than an effect of bronchoconstriction [29].

Associations of Leukocytes with chemical compounds

• VLA proteins in the integrin family: structures, functions, and their role on leukocytes [30].
• Transmethylation reactions mediated by S-adenosyl methionine are required for the activation of a phospholipase and release of arachidonate from leukocytes by chemotactic factors [31].
• Leukocyte protein tyrosine kinases: potential targets for drug discovery [32].
• Especially in the last two years, convincing data have been published supporting the idea that selectins and glycoprotein ligands of the selectins participate in the activation of leukocyte integrins [33].
• Letter: Reagin-mediated histamine release from human leukocytes by human IgG [34].

Gene context of Leukocytes

• Thus, fractalkine and CX3CR1 represent new types of leukocyte trafficking regulators, performing both adhesive and chemotactic functions [35].
• Increased leukocyte elastase activity in mice lacking secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) leads to impaired wound healing due to enhanced activity of TGFbeta and perhaps additional mechanisms [36].
• The killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) on NK cells regulate the inhibition and activation of NK-cell responses through recognition of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules on target cells KIR and HLA loci are both highly polymorphic, and some HLA class I products bind and trigger cell-surface receptors specified by KIR genes [37].
• Leukocytes bearing a C52F mutation showed increased membrane TNFR1 and reduced receptor cleavage following stimulation [38].
• Identification and molecular characterization of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1, which mediates both leukocyte migration and adhesion [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Leukocytes

• Our findings conclude that the interplay of fibrin fragments, leukocytes and VE-cadherin contribute to the pathogenesis of myocardial damage and reperfusion injury [39].
• Molecular cloning of ICAM-3, a third ligand for LFA-1, constitutively expressed on resting leukocytes [40].
• We found that homophilic ligation of CD31 (ref. 4) on viable leukocytes promoted their active, temperature-dependent detachment under low shear, whereas such CD31-mediated detachment was disabled in apoptotic leukocytes, promoting tight binding and macrophage ingestion of dying cells [41].
• During recent years clinical trials have shown that human leukocyte interferon (HuIFN-alpha) may be useful in the treatment of cancer, but very little has been done concerning the possible use of human fibroblast interferon (HuIFN-beta) [42].
• The patient showed positive intracutaneous skin tests to his unfractionated seminal plasma and a Sephadex G100 fraction designated No. 3. This fraction was also passively transferable to a nonallergic volunteer and it stimulated histamine release from the patient's leukocytes [43].

References