Disease relevance of Antlers

• In the rut, superior bucks (with actual or potential large body weight, trophy antlers and a high social rank) responded to Gn-RH with a small increase of LH (below 20 micrograms/ml) and a profound rise in testosterone (T) (30-50 ng/ml) [1].

High impact information on Antlers

• A role for retinoic acid in regulating the regeneration of deer antlers [2].
• The 'dead' antlers remain attached to the pedicle until they are shed (cast) the following spring when circulating testosterone levels fall [3].
• Elevated plasma IGF 1 levels in stags prevented from growing antlers [4].
• Immunohistochemistry was used to establish sites of localization of PTHrP and PPR in antlers at different stages of development [5].
• Molecules that we have identified as having potentially important local roles in antlers include parathyroid hormone-related peptide and retinoic acid (RA) [6].

Chemical compound and disease context of Antlers

• Thirty-two male wapiti were given 1 mg/kg body weight of zuclopenthixol acetate; the next day, they were restrained in a hydraulic chute, provided with electroanesthesia or a lidocaine ring block, and had their antlers removed [7].

Biological context of Antlers

• Roe deer antlers as monitoring units for assessing temporal changes in environmental pollution by fluoride and lead in a German forest area over a 67-year period [8].

Anatomical context of Antlers

• The hardening of the antlers in the ovariectomized animals in autumn was correlated with seasonal increases in the plasma concentrations of androstenedione, but not in the concentrations of other steroid hormones; provocation tests using GnRH and arginine vasopressin (AVP) illustrated that the adrenal gland was a likely source of androgens [9].
• Fluoride in mandibles and antlers of roe and red deer from different areas of England and Scotland [10].

Associations of Antlers with chemical compounds

• Regional distribution of estradiol receptors in growing antlers [11].
• The removal of the steroid implant in October-November caused the premature casting of the antlers in early winter in two of five animals, while the remainder cast at the normal time in spring; this response was seen whether the animals had received one or two oestradiol implants in autumn [12].
• In addition, an unanticipated elevation of serum keratan sulfate was observed in early spring prior to casting of the preceding year's antlers and the initiation of regrowth [13].
• Temporal variation of fluoride concentration in antlers of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) living in an area exposed to emissions from iron and steel industry, 1948-2000 [14].
• The relationship between serum androgen concentrations and relative density changes in the antlers and long bones of male deer was determined [15].

Gene context of Antlers

• Increasing PTH levels are related to final mineralization of antlers post-velvet shedding [16].
• These results demonstrate the presence of ER in growing antlers and indicate regional localization of the receptors within these structures [11].
• Fecal samples, behavioral data and information concerning male grouping and antlers status were collected at a monthly basis during a 1 year period from free-ranging stags living at Emas National Park, Brazil (18 degrees S/52 degrees W) [17].
• In February/March velvet was shed from the antlers, indicating a rise in plasma androgen levels at that time [18].
• The antlers reached about 5 cm in length, before ceasing to grow at the end of April, when they became mineralized and were subsequently polished [19].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Antlers

• Temporal and seasonal relationships between LH, testosterone and antlers in fawn and adult male roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.): a longitudinal study from birth to four years of age [20].

References