Disease relevance of Agovirin

• Androgen deprivation therapy remains a mainstay of treatment for men with prostate cancer [1].
• Approximately half of women with oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, or acne have an abnormal response to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist nafarelin, suggesting an ovarian cause of their androgen excess [2].
• Androgen-dependent and androgen-independent (autonomous), cloned, cultured cell lines of the androgen-dependent mouse mammary adenocarcinoma, Shionogi carcinoma 115, have been established [3].
• We report a family in which two brothers who both developed breast cancer had clinical and endocrinological evidence of androgen resistance [4].
• The status of the introitus seemed to have a more important role in the sexual activity reported than did the degree of prenatal exposure to androgen (which was higher among patients with salt loss than among those with simple virilization) [5].

Psychiatry related information on Agovirin

• In addition, alcohol consumption increased the metabolic clearance rate of testosterone in most subjects studied, probably owing to the combined effects of a decreased plasma binding capacity for the androgen and increased hepatic testosterone A-ring reductase activity [6].
• Androgen receptors exist throughout the 'critical period' of brain sexual differentiation [7].
• Common treatment methods are cognitive-behavioral, group therapy, and, when appropriate, medications such as androgen-lowering agents that can act as sexual appetite suppressants [8].
• Approximately 2.5-5% of patients with a TGCT will develop bilateral disease and require complete castration, resulting in infertility, a need for lifelong androgen replacement, and psychological stress [9].
• Women who are androgen depleted develop physical and behavioral symptoms referred to as female androgen deficiency syndrome [10].

High impact information on Agovirin

• In 2004, two landmark studies demonstrated a survival advantage in androgen-independent prostate cancer patients utilizing docetaxel chemotherapy, setting a new standard of care for this disease [11].
• Multiple mechanisms of androgen independence have now been documented, including amplification of the androgen receptor as well as signal transduction pathways that bypass the androgen receptor completely [11].
• Over 60 years ago, Huggins and Hodges discovered androgen deprivation as a first-line therapy for metastatic prostate cancer, which leads to remissions typically lasting 2 to 3 years, but in most men prostate cancer ultimately progresses to an androgen-independent state resulting in death due to widespread metastases [11].
• Molecular concepts that demarcate critical transitions in progression include protein biosynthesis, E26 transformation-specific (ETS) family transcriptional targets, androgen signaling and cell proliferation [12].
• Both processes are critically dependent on sex-steroid signaling, and similar defects are seen in animals treated with androgen- or estrogen-receptor antagonists [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of Agovirin

• We conclude that blockade of both androgen action and estrogen synthesis with the combination of spironolactone and testolactone is an effective short-term treatment for familial male precocious puberty [14].
• We examined the influence of androgens on benign prostatic hyperplasia, using nafarelin acetate, a potent luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone agonist, to achieve reversible androgen deprivation in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia [15].
• 17-Ketosteroid reductase deficiency results in male pseudohermaphroditism because conversion of the weak androgen androstenedione to the more potent androgen testosterone is impaired [16].
• These preliminary data suggest that administration of ketoconazole may be a satisfactory treatment for precocious puberty in boys and possibly for other conditions characterized by androgen excess [17].
• Pamidronate to prevent bone loss during androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer [18].

Biological context of Agovirin

• The term "partial androgen insensitivity syndrome" describes this condition more accurately than a term based on clinical phenotype [19].
• The low amount of androgen receptor and the combination of high serum gonadotropins and plasma testosterone production rates suggest that the defective spermatogenesis in these infertile men was the consequence of androgen insensitivity [20].
• Our results suggest that AR amplification emerges during androgen deprivation therapy by facilitating tumour cell growth in low androgen concentrations [21].
• The 5' LTR of this element corresponds to the previously characterized hormone-responsive enhancer associated with Slp regulation, leading to the conclusion that the provirus has conferred androgen response on the adjacent Slp gene [22].
• Vasomotor hot flashes are a common symptom in women during menopause and in men who have undergone androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer [23].

Anatomical context of Agovirin

• One mutation was in the same codon as the mutation found previously in the androgen-independent prostate-cancer cell line [24].
• Dihydrotestosterone binding studies in skin fibroblasts demonstrated two genetic variants similar to those reported in complete androgen insensitivity syndrome [19].
• Dependent cells form tumors preferentially in male animals and dependent cell cytosols contain significant amounts (approximately 300 femtomoles per mg protein) of a specific androgen-binding macromolecule [3].
• BACKGROUND: Men with benign prostatic hyperplasia can be treated with alpha 1-adrenergic-antagonist drugs that relax prostatic smooth muscle or with drugs that inhibit 5 alpha-reductase and therefore reduce tissue androgen concentrations [25].
• The source of the excess androgen may be either the ovaries or the adrenal glands, and distinguishing between these sources may be difficult [26].

Associations of Agovirin with other chemical compounds

• The androgen receptor, which binds testosterone and stimulates the transcription of androgen-responsive genes, regulates the growth of prostate cells [24].
• Nonclassic steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency is a frequent, relatively mild disorder of cortisol biosynthesis, characterized by variable signs of postnatal androgen excess [27].
• Hypophysectomy of adult male rats abolishes alpha 2u globulin synthesis; synthesis can be fully restored by daily administration of androgen, thyroid hormone, glucocorticoid and growth hormone for 12 days [28].
• Recombinant transfection vectors were constructed containing a cloned C3 rat gene ligated directly into the dominant acting selection vector pSV2-gpt, and were used to transfect androgen-responsive mouse mammary tumor cells (S115 cells) [29].
• CONCLUSIONS: D-Chiro-inositol increases the action of insulin in patients with the polycystic ovary syndrome, thereby improving ovulatory function and decreasing serum androgen concentrations, blood pressure, and plasma triglyceride concentrations [30].

Gene context of Agovirin

• Mutations in the CYP11B1 gene cause steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency, a form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia characterized by signs of androgen excess and by hypertension [31].
• Cloned complementary DNA, selected with an AR-specific oligonucleotide probe, was expressed in monkey kidney (COS) cells and yielded a high-affinity androgen-binding protein with steroid-binding specificity corresponding to that of native AR [32].
• In immature normal and in androgen-insensitive Tfm mice, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) administration resulted in elevation of AMH levels, indicating that AMH secretion is stimulated by FSH in the absence of the negative effect of androgens [33].
• These data suggest that androgen withdrawal results in a cell stress response, in which increased p53 protein produces a cell cycle arrest, without activation of p53-mediated apoptosis [34].
• Neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP, CD10) is a cell-surface enzyme expressed by prostatic epithelial cells that cleaves and inactivates neuropeptides implicated in the growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer (PC) [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Agovirin

• BACKGROUND: Combined androgen blockade for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer consists of an antiandrogen drug plus castration [36].
• Approximately half the patients had an increase of at least 5 percentage points in hematocrit after an injectable androgen was given; more than half the women responded [37].
• Danazol, an androgen derivative, was evaluated for its effectiveness in preventing attacks of hereditary angioedema in a double-blind study with nine patients [38].
• Autoradiography has been used to map and identify androgen binding neurons [39].
• A radioimmunoassay was developed and used to identify androgen binding protein in rat plasma [40].

References