Disease relevance of Betanin

• Following tumor initiation with 390 nmol of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in 100 microl of acetone, the mouse skin tumor promotion with 3430 J/m(2) of ultraviolet light-B (UV-B) as well as splenomegaly was significantly inhibited by oral administration of 0.0025% betanin [1].
• At the same dose, betanin also afforded significant protection in the mouse skin cancer model following the topical application of 390 nmol of (+/-)-(E)-4-methyl-2-[(E)-hydroxyamino]-5-nitro-6-methoxy-3-hexanamide (NOR-1) in 100 microl of acetone and promoted by topical administration of 1.7 nmol of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) [1].

High impact information on Betanin

• The half-life of betanin (0.94 +/- 0.07 h) was shorter than that of indicaxanthin (2.36 +/- 0.17 h) [2].
• RESULTS: Betanin and indicaxanthin reached their maximum plasma concentrations 3 h after the fruit meal and declined according to first-order kinetics [2].
• They had identical UV absorption spectra (lambda max = 535 nm) by diode array analysis, and mass spectrometry indicated that one (betacyanin 1) was betanin or its epimer and the other (betacyanin 2) a disaccharide of betacyanin 1 [3].
• The unique vacuolar location of betanin permitted the use of a correlative method to determine whether sucrose and acid invertase were located in the vacuoles [4].
• However, another pathway for betacyanin biosynthesis is proposed in which betanin is formed by GT acting at the 5,6-dihydroxyindoline-2-carboxylic acid (cyclo-DOPA) step, followed by condensation of the product with betalamic acid [5].

Biological context of Betanin

• Betanin was predominantly degraded by hydrolytic cleavage, while decarboxylation and dehydrogenation were of minor relevance [6].
• The mixture of anthocyanin and betanin negated their efficacy in the cell growth inhibitory assay and did not enhance the COX enzyme inhibitory activity [7].
• Betanin bioavailability in humans was demonstrated with four volunteers who consumed 300 mL of red beet juice, containing 120 mg of the antioxidant [8].

Anatomical context of Betanin

• The high affinity of betanin and betanidin for membranes was demonstrated by determining the rate of migration of the compounds through a dialysis tube [8].

Associations of Betanin with other chemical compounds

• Hydrolytic cleavage of the aldimine bond of phyllocactin and hylocerenin yielded previously unknown acylated cyclo-dopa derivatives traceable by positive ionization, while application of ESI(-) facilitated the detection of a glycosylated aminopropanal derivative and dopamine, which have never been described before as betanin degradation products [6].
• This study found a new class of dietary cationized antioxidants in red beets (Beta vulgaris L.). These antioxidants are betalains, and the major one, betanin, is a betanidin 5-O-beta-glucoside [8].
• The IC(50) inhibition of H(2)O(2)-activated metmyoglobin catalysis of low-density lipoprotein oxidation by betanin was <2.5 microM and better than that of catechin [8].
• Whereas in fruits prebetanin (betanin 6'-O-sulphate) and its isoform predominate, in the stem and cell cultures feruloylated derivatives occur as the major components [9].

Gene context of Betanin

• Based on findings that betalains provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, we performed the present kinetic study on the interaction between the betalains, betanin and indicaxanthin, with the redox intermediates, compound I and compound II of MPO, and its major cytotoxic product HOCl [10].
• Our previous studies identified the extract of Beta vulgaris (beetroot), commercially also known as betanin, as a potent cancer chemopreventive agent in both in vitro Epstein-Barr early antigen activation assay and in an in vivo two-stage mouse lung and skin carcinogenesis [1].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Betanin

• In the final reaction mixture, betanin formation was confirmed by HPLC analysis, demonstrating cyclo-DOPA 5-O-glucosyltransferase activity [5].
• Identification of heat-induced degradation products from purified betanin, phyllocactin and hylocerenin by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry [6].
• Identification of heat-induced degradation products from purified betanin, phyllocactin and hylocerenin by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry [11].
• Subsequent to the animal studies, betanin was isolated in pure form, identified by MS analysis, and confirmed to be QR inducers in the bioassay [12].

References