Hoffmann, R. A wiki for the life sciences where authorship matters. Nature Genetics (2008)

Editor

Personal info

View

About

Terms

Javascript disabled

Please enable Javascript support in your browser to use this application.

Instructions on how to enable JavaScript on different browsers can be found here: http://www.google.com/support/bin/answer.py?answer=23852.

[edit this page]

Chemical Compound Review:

Diisocyanatotoluene 1,3-diisocyanato-2-methyl- benzene

Synonyms: hylene-t, mondur-td, mondur-td-80, Nacconate-100, Rubinate TDI, ...

Welcome! If you are familiar with the subject of this article, you can contribute to this open access knowledge base by deleting incorrect information, restructuring or completely rewriting any text. Read more.

Disease relevance of TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE

Long-term toxicity and carcinogenicity studies with 2,4/2,6-toluene-diisocyanate (80/20) in rats and mice [1].

High impact information on TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE

Guinea pig hemoglobin (Hb) adducts of 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (2,4- and 2,6-TDI) were individually prepared, each at a Hb tetramer to diisocyanate ratio of 1:1, and compared with adducts of Hb from animals exposed to 1 ppm 2,4-TDI vapor [2].
Occupational exposure to 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (2,4- and 2,6-TDI) was measured during the production of flexible foam [3].
Desalted plasma from a 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (2,4- and 2,6-TDI) exposed worker at a factory producing flexible polyurethane foam was separated and fractionated into 200 fractions using ion-exchange chromatography followed by a gel-filtration separation and fractionation into 59 fractions [4].
These results indicate that albumin is the major receptor molecule for 2,4- and 2,6-TDI in blood plasma and that these isocyanates form covalent bondings with albumin [4].
In this study, we compared the cytokine mRNA profiles of six chemicals: toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate (MDI), dicyclohexylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate (HMDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), p-tolyl(mono)isocyanate (TMI), and meta-tetramethylene xylene diisocyanate (TMXDI) [5].

Biological context of TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE

This effect can be ascribed to the amine analogues formed during the hydrolysis of isocyanates: TDI is mutagenic in TA 1538 and TA 98 after metabolic activation [6].
Biological monitoring of exposure to 2,4- and 2,6-TDI by analysis of 2,4- and 2,6-TDA in urine is feasible [7].
The aim of the study was to investigate biomarkers of exposure to thermal degradation products of 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (TDI)- and 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)-based polyurethane and the toxicokinetics of these products [8].

Anatomical context of TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE

Quantitative evaluations of histamine and histamine H1 receptor were carried out in nasal mucosa of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) sensitized guinea-pigs at specific points in time during a pre-determined sensitization period [9].

Gene context of TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE

These investigations showed that the most commonly used isocyanates, toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and 4,4'-methylene-diphenylisocyanate (MDI), are mutagenic [6].
TDI (10(-4)-10(-5) mol/L, as a mixture of 80% 2,4-TDI and 20% 2,6-TDI) exhibited a partial but significant cytotoxic effect (10-24%, p<0.05) on HLFs [10].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE

To investigate the process of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) sensitization, studies were conducted to identify TDI-protein adducts in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of guinea pigs exposed to a sensitizing atmosphere of the commercially used 4:1 mixture of 2,4- and 2,6-TDI [11].

References

Long-term toxicity and carcinogenicity studies with 2,4/2,6-toluene-diisocyanate (80/20) in rats and mice. Loeser, E. Toxicol. Lett. (1983) [Pubmed]
In vivo and in vitro reactions of toluene diisocyanate isomers with guinea pig hemoglobin. Day, B.W., Jin, R., Karol, M.H. Chem. Res. Toxicol. (1996) [Pubmed]
Exposure to 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) during production of flexible foam: determination of airborne TDI and urinary 2,4- and 2,6-toluenediamine (TDA). Kääriä, K., Hirvonen, A., Norppa, H., Piirilä, P., Vainio, H., Rosenberg, C. The Analyst. (2001) [Pubmed]
Albumin adducts in plasma from workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate. Lind, P., Dalene, M., Lindström, V., Grubb, A., Skarping, G. The Analyst. (1997) [Pubmed]
Cytokine mRNA profiles for isocyanates with known and unknown potential to induce respiratory sensitization. Plitnick, L.M., Loveless, S.E., Ladics, G.S., Holsapple, M.P., Smialowicz, R.J., Woolhiser, M.R., Anderson, P.K., Smith, C., Selgrade, M.J. Toxicology (2005) [Pubmed]
Mutagenic action of isocyanates used in the production of polyurethanes. Andersen, M., Binderup, M.L., Kiel, P., Larsen, H., Maxild, J. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health. (1980) [Pubmed]
Biological monitoring of isocyanates and related amines. III. Test chamber exposure of humans to toluene diisocyanate. Skarping, G., Brorson, T., Sangö, C. International archives of occupational and environmental health. (1991) [Pubmed]
Workers exposed to thermal degradation products of TDI- and MDI-based polyurethane: biomonitoring of 2,4-TDA, 2,6-TDA, and 4,4'-MDA in hydrolyzed urine and plasma. Dalene, M., Skarping, G., Lind, P. American Industrial Hygiene Association journal. (1997) [Pubmed]
Histamine content and histamine H1 receptor in experimentally-induced nasal hypersensitivity. Kubo, N., Hori, Y., Tomoda, K., Yamashita, T., Kumazawa, T. Acta oto-laryngologica. Supplementum. (1989) [Pubmed]
Effect of toluene diisocyanate and its corresponding amines on viability and growth of human lung fibroblasts in culture. Pons, F., Fischer, A., Frossard, N., Lugnier, A. Cell Biol. Toxicol. (1999) [Pubmed]
Toluene diisocyanate protein adducts in the bronchoalveolar lavage of guinea pigs exposed to vapors of the chemical. Jin, R., Day, B.W., Karol, M.H. Chem. Res. Toxicol. (1993) [Pubmed]

Contributions to this collaborative article are from individual authors of WikiGenes or mined by the WikiGenes Data Mining Engine from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.About WikiGenes Open Access Licence Privacy Policy Terms of Use apsburg

The world's first wiki where authorship really matters (Nature Genetics, 2008). Due credit and reputation for authors. Imagine a global collaborative knowledge base for original thoughts. Search thousands of articles and collaborate with scientists around the globe.