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Chemical Compound Review

Tolylene diisocyanate     2,4-diisocyanato-1-methyl- benzene

Synonyms: Hylene T, Nacconate IOO, Mondur TD, TDI-80, Desmodur T80, ...
 
 
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Disease relevance of Tolylene diisocyanate

 

High impact information on Tolylene diisocyanate

 

Chemical compound and disease context of Tolylene diisocyanate

 

Biological context of Tolylene diisocyanate

  • There have been few reports suggesting involvement of neutrophils in inducing bronchoconstriction after TDI inhalation [9].
  • In recent years, epidemiological evidence that exposure to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is associated with adverse health effects has led to the development of useful analytical methods for the biological monitoring of TDI [15].
  • CONCLUSION: From this disparity in exposure limits for TDI and formaldehyde, it is concluded that occupational exposure limits by agencies for specific chemicals do not provide a reliable indication of the concentration of a chemical that is necessary to produce occupational asthma [16].
  • CONCLUSIONS: The HLA haplotype DRB1*15-DPB1*05 can be a susceptibility gene marker for the development of TDI-induced asthma among the exposed workers in the Korean population [17].
  • The other chemical, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate, was tested for carcinogenicity as a mixture with the 2,6-isomer; the mixture was carcinogenic, but the cytogenetic test results for the 2,4-isomer were negative [18].
 

Anatomical context of Tolylene diisocyanate

 

Associations of Tolylene diisocyanate with other chemical compounds

  • Among workers employed in the production of polyurethane foam and confirmed to have TDI-induced asthma by inhalation challenge to the different TDI isomers, there appeared to be increased airway reactivity to the 2,6 isomer [21].
  • Twenty-eight 42-day-old pups/sex/group (F0) were exposed to toluene diisocyanate vapor (TDI; 80% 2,4-TDI, 20% 2,6-TDI) by inhalation at 0.0, 0.02, 0.08, or 0.3 ppm, 6 h/day, 5 days/week, for 10 weeks, then mated within groups for 3 weeks, with exposure 7 days/week during mating, gestation, and lactation [22].
  • We verified, in BALB/c mice, the sensitizing potential of PCT in comparison to a known respiratory sensitizer (toluene diisocyanate [TDI]) and a known dermal sensitizer (oxazolone), using three different methods in order to evaluate the validity of current models of sensitization [23].
  • Erythrocytes were stabilized and activated for conjugation by simultaneous treatment with toluene-2,4-diisocyanate and glutaraldehyde [24].
  • Methacholine inhalation challenges were performed before and 24 h after SIC with TDI or HDI [25].
 

Gene context of Tolylene diisocyanate

  • Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) induces production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by bronchial epithelial cells via the epidermal growth factor receptor and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways [26].
  • Exposure to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) induces IL-8 production from bronchial epithelial cells: effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines [27].
  • Expression of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 proteins in asthma induced by toluene diisocyanate (TDI) [28].
  • The findings indicate that TDI can induce a Th2-dominated response in mice when administered by topical application plus tracheal instillation for sensitisation and by intra-tracheal instillation for challenge (model number 4) [29].
  • Toluene diisocyanate, or TDI (CAS 584-84-9) is a well-known asthmagen and respiratory irritant [30].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Tolylene diisocyanate

  • In this paper, an HPLC method is presented that allows accurate determinations of toluenediamines (TDA), urinary metabolites of TDI, in hydrolysed human urine without complicated or time-consuming sample treatment [15].
  • In vivo, a combination of systemic and topical administration of each of these three substances significantly inhibited swelling in the murine ear 16 h after TDI challenge [31].
  • Based on an approved test protocol such as the LLNA and the mouse IgE test, PCT proved to be a weak sensitizer when compared to TDI and oxazolone [23].
  • A four-year longitudinal study of ventilatory function in polyurethane-foam production workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) revealed a dose-response relationship between average exposure to TDI and change in forced expiratory volume per second (FEV-1) [32].
  • Cellular and mediator profile in bronchoalveolar lavage of guinea pigs after toluene diisocyanate (TDI) exposure [33].

References

  1. Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) pulmonary disease: immunologic and inhalation challenge studies. Butcher, B.T., Salvaggio, J.E., Weill, H., Ziskind, M.M. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (1976) [Pubmed]
  2. Airway wall remodeling after cessation of exposure to isocyanates in sensitized asthmatic subjects. Saetta, M., Maestrelli, P., Turato, G., Mapp, C.E., Milani, G., Pivirotto, F., Fabbri, L.M., Di Stefano, A. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1995) [Pubmed]
  3. Preparation and use of erythrocyte-globulin conjugates to Lassa virus in reversed passive hemagglutination and inhibition. Goldwasser, R.A., Elliott, L.H., Johnson, K.M. J. Clin. Microbiol. (1980) [Pubmed]
  4. Dermal contact with toluene diisocyanate (TDI) produces respiratory tract hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. Karol, M.H., Hauth, B.A., Riley, E.J., Magreni, C.M. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. (1981) [Pubmed]
  5. Tumor necrosis factor inhibits a polymorphonuclear leukocyte-dependent airway edema in guinea pigs. Gordon, T., Sheppard, D. J. Appl. Physiol. (1988) [Pubmed]
  6. Human leukocyte antigen associations in occupational asthma induced by isocyanates. Mapp, C.E., Balboni, A., Baricordi, R., Fabbri, L.M. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (1997) [Pubmed]
  7. Poliovirus neutralization epitopes: analysis and localization with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Emini, E.A., Jameson, B.A., Lewis, A.J., Larsen, G.R., Wimmer, E. J. Virol. (1982) [Pubmed]
  8. N-Acetyltransferase genotypes as modifiers of diisocyanate exposure-associated asthma risk. Wikman, H., Piirilä, P., Rosenberg, C., Luukkonen, R., Kääriä, K., Nordman, H., Norppa, H., Vainio, H., Hirvonen, A. Pharmacogenetics (2002) [Pubmed]
  9. Neutrophil activation following TDI bronchial challenges to the airway secretion from subjects with TDI-induced asthma. Park, H., Jung, K., Kim, H., Nahm, D., Kang, K. Clin. Exp. Allergy (1999) [Pubmed]
  10. Effects of cilomilast on dendritic cell function in contact sensitivity and dendritic cell migration through skin. Bäumer, W., Tschernig, T., Sülzle, B., Seegers, U., Lührmann, A., Kietzmann, M. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (2003) [Pubmed]
  11. Pharmacological profile of a novel phosphodiesterase 7A and -4 dual inhibitor, YM-393059, on acute and chronic inflammation models. Yamamoto, S., Sugahara, S., Ikeda, K., Shimizu, Y. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (2006) [Pubmed]
  12. A murine model for assessing the respiratory hypersensitivity potential of chemical allergens. Satoh, T., Kramarik, J.A., Tollerud, D.J., Karol, M.H. Toxicol. Lett. (1995) [Pubmed]
  13. Inhibition by 2,4-toluene diisocyanate of the calcium signaling of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Chiung, Y.M., Kao, Y.Y., Chen, H.T., Liu, P.S. J. Biomed. Sci. (2005) [Pubmed]
  14. TDI-induced oculorhinitis and bronchial asthma. Paggiaro, P.L., Rossi, O., Lastrucci, L., Pardi, F., Pezzini, A., Baschieri, L. Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association. (1985) [Pubmed]
  15. Determination of toluenediamines in urine of workers occupationally exposed to isocyanates by high-performance liquid chromatography. Carbonnelle, P., Boukortt, S., Lison, D., Buchet, J.P. The Analyst. (1996) [Pubmed]
  16. Toxicologic considerations in the diagnosis of occupational asthma. Waddell, W.J. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. (1999) [Pubmed]
  17. HLA DRB1*15-DPB1*05 haplotype: a susceptible gene marker for isocyanate-induced occupational asthma? Kim, S.H., Oh, H.B., Lee, K.W., Shin, E.S., Kim, C.W., Hong, C.S., Nahm, D.H., Park, H.S. Allergy (2006) [Pubmed]
  18. Chromosome aberration and sister chromatid exchange tests in Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro. III. Results with 27 chemicals. Gulati, D.K., Witt, K., Anderson, B., Zeiger, E., Shelby, M.D. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. (1989) [Pubmed]
  19. Histamine content, synthesis and degradation in nasal mucosa and lung of guinea-pigs treated with toluene diisocyanate (TDI). Abe, Y., Ogino, S., Irifune, M., Imamura, I., Liu, Y.Q., Fukui, H., Matsunaga, T. Clin. Exp. Allergy (1993) [Pubmed]
  20. In vivo and in vitro reactions of toluene diisocyanate isomers with guinea pig hemoglobin. Day, B.W., Jin, R., Karol, M.H. Chem. Res. Toxicol. (1996) [Pubmed]
  21. Role of inhalation challenge testing in the diagnosis of isocyanate-induced asthma. Banks, D.E., Sastre, J., Butcher, B.T., Ellis, E., Rando, R.J., Barkman, H.W., Hammad, Y.Y., Glindmeyer, H.W., Weill, H. Chest (1989) [Pubmed]
  22. Two-generation reproductive toxicity study of inhaled toluene diisocyanate vapor in CD rats. Tyl, R.W., Neeper-Bradley, T.L., Fisher, L.C., Dodd, D.E., Pritts, I.M., Losco, P.E., Lyon, J.P., Landry, T.D. Toxicol. Sci. (1999) [Pubmed]
  23. Validity of methods to predict the respiratory sensitizing potential of chemicals: A study with a piperidinyl chlorotriazine derivative that caused an outbreak of occupational asthma. Vanoirbeek, J.A., Mandervelt, C., Cunningham, A.R., Hoet, P.H., Xu, H., Vanhooren, H.M., Nemery, B. Toxicol. Sci. (2003) [Pubmed]
  24. A method using toluene-2,4-diisocyanate and glutaraldehyde to stabilize and conjugate antigens to erythrocytes for use in passive hemagglutination tests. Mahan, D.E., Copeland, R.L. J. Immunol. Methods (1978) [Pubmed]
  25. Need for monitoring nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness before and after isocyanate inhalation challenge. Sastre, J., Fernández-Nieto, M., Novalbos, A., De Las Heras, M., Cuesta, J., Quirce, S. Chest (2003) [Pubmed]
  26. Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) induces production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by bronchial epithelial cells via the epidermal growth factor receptor and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Ogawa, H., Inoue, S., Ogushi, F., Ogura, H., Nakamura, Y. Exp. Lung Res. (2006) [Pubmed]
  27. Exposure to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) induces IL-8 production from bronchial epithelial cells: effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Lee, Y.M., Kim, H.A., Park, H.S., Lee, S.K., Nahm, D.H. J. Korean Med. Sci. (2003) [Pubmed]
  28. Expression of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 proteins in asthma induced by toluene diisocyanate (TDI). Maestrelli, P., Occari, P., Turato, G., Papiris, S.A., Di Stefano, A., Mapp, C.E., Milani, G.F., Fabbri, L.M., Saetta, M. Clin. Exp. Allergy (1997) [Pubmed]
  29. TDI can induce respiratory allergy with Th2-dominated response in mice. Ban, M., Morel, G., Langonné, I., Huguet, N., Pépin, E., Binet, S. Toxicology (2006) [Pubmed]
  30. Evaluation of self-reported skin problems among workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) at a foam manufacturing facility. Daftarian, H.S., Lushniak, B.D., Reh, C.M., Lewis, D.M. J. Occup. Environ. Med. (2002) [Pubmed]
  31. Cilomilast, tacrolimus and rapamycin modulate dendritic cell function in the elicitation phase of allergic contact dermatitis. Bäumer, W., Sülzle, B., Weigt, H., De Vries, V.C., Hecht, M., Tschernig, T., Kietzmann, M. Br. J. Dermatol. (2005) [Pubmed]
  32. Accelerated loss of FEV- in polyurethane production workers: a four-year prospective study. Wegman, D.H., Musk, A.W., Main, D.M., Pagnotto, L.D. Am. J. Ind. Med. (1982) [Pubmed]
  33. Cellular and mediator profile in bronchoalveolar lavage of guinea pigs after toluene diisocyanate (TDI) exposure. Raulf, M., Tennie, L., Marczynski, B., Potthast, J., Marek, W., Baur, X. Lung (1995) [Pubmed]
 
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