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Gene Review

vpr  -  vpr

Simian-Human immunodeficiency virus

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Disease relevance of vpr

  • Evolution of the primate lentiviruses: evidence from vpx and vpr [1].
  • Comparison of the encoded protein sequences suggests that the vpx gene within the HIV-2 group arose by the duplication of an ancestral vpr gene within this group [1].
  • In this way, immune complexes containing the p17, p27, vpr and vpx proteins of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have been purified [2].
  • The vpr open reading frame of HIV-1 encodes a 15-kDa virion-associated protein, Vpr [3].
  • We have previously reported that vpr expression in various tumor lines leads to growth inhibition and differentiation, indicating that Vpr may function as a regulator of cellular permissiveness to HIV replication [3].
 

High impact information on vpr

  • Because of their similarity to the vpr proteins of other groups, we suggest reclassifying the SIVagm vpx gene as a vpr gene [1].
  • The vpr gene has been shown to increase virus replication in T cells and monocyte/macrophages in vitro [3].
  • All four rhesus monkeys infected with the vpr deletion mutant showed an early spike in plasma antigenemia, maintained high virus burdens, exhibited declines in CD4+ lymphocyte concentrations, and had significant changes in lymph node morphology, and two have died to date with AIDS [4].
  • Mutation of both vpr and vpu, however, resulted in nearly complete attenuation of virus replication in monocytes, despite subsequent virus recovery from infected monocytes by cocultivation with uninfected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (silent infection) [5].
  • When they were challenged with another SHIV with intact vpr and nef (designated NM-3rN), all were protected as judged by virus recovery, DNA detection by PCR and antibody responses [6].

References

  1. Evolution of the primate lentiviruses: evidence from vpx and vpr. Tristem, M., Marshall, C., Karpas, A., Hill, F. EMBO J. (1992) [Pubmed]
  2. Purification of antibody-antigen complexes containing recombinant SIV proteins: comparison of antigen and antibody-antigen complexes for immune priming. Randall, R.E., Young, D., Hanke, T., Szawlowski, P., Botting, C. Vaccine (1994) [Pubmed]
  3. Serum Vpr regulates productive infection and latency of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Levy, D.N., Refaeli, Y., MacGregor, R.R., Weiner, D.B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1994) [Pubmed]
  4. Progression to AIDS in the absence of a gene for vpr or vpx. Gibbs, J.S., Lackner, A.A., Lang, S.M., Simon, M.A., Sehgal, P.K., Daniel, M.D., Desrosiers, R.C. J. Virol. (1995) [Pubmed]
  5. Dual regulation of silent and productive infection in monocytes by distinct human immunodeficiency virus type 1 determinants. Westervelt, P., Henkel, T., Trowbridge, D.B., Orenstein, J., Heuser, J., Gendelman, H.E., Ratner, L. J. Virol. (1992) [Pubmed]
  6. Protection of monkeys vaccinated with vpr- and/or nef-defective simian immunodeficiency virus strain mac/human immunodeficiency virus type 1 chimeric viruses: a potential candidate live-attenuated human AIDS vaccine. Igarashi, T., Ami, Y., Yamamoto, H., Shibata, R., Kuwata, T., Mukai, R., Shinohara, K., Komatsu, T., Adachi, A., Hayami, M. J. Gen. Virol. (1997) [Pubmed]
 
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