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Gene Review

bs  -  blistered

Drosophila melanogaster

Synonyms: BS, Bs, CG3411, D-SRF, DSRF, ...
 
 
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Disease relevance of bs

 

High impact information on bs

  • DMRTF forms a ternary complex with and stimulates the activity of Drosophila SRF, which has been implicated in branching of the tracheal (respiratory) system and formation of wing interveins [2].
  • We conclude that the interaction of MRTFs with SRF represents an ancient protein partnership involved in cytoplasmic outgrowth and cell migration during development [2].
  • Serum response factor (SRF) regulates genes involved in cell proliferation, migration, cytoskeletal organization, and myogenesis [2].
  • Binding of YY1 to the c-fos serum response element (SRE) enhances the binding of serum response factor (SRF) [3].
  • Developmental analyses were undertaken using light and electron microscopy of wild-type and bs wings as well as confocal microscopy of phalloidin- and laminin-stained preparations. bs defects were first seen early in the prepupal period with the failure of apposition of dorsal and ventral wing epithelia [4].
 

Biological context of bs

  • Misexpression in wing imaginal discs of a dominant negative DMRTF mutant also causes a diminution of wing interveins, whereas overexpression of DMRTF results in excess intervein tissue, abnormalities reminiscent of SRF loss- and gain-of-function phenotypes, respectively [2].
  • The DSRF gene is expressed during several phases of embryonic development [5].
  • The DSRF gene was mapped to position 60C on the second chromosome, and overlapping deficiencies which remove the gene were identified [5].
  • Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the Drosophila SRF homolog (DSRF) codes for a protein that displays 93% sequence identity with human SRF in the MADS domain, the region required for DNA binding, dimerization and interaction with accessory factors [5].
  • Dissection of the DSRF regulatory region reveals that a single enhancer element, which is under the control of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-receptor signalling pathway, is sufficient to induce DSRF expression in the terminal tracheal cells [6].
 

Anatomical context of bs

  • Thus, the DSRF gene might play a role in the proper formation and maintenance of the trachea [5].
  • MAL-D/SRF activity is required to build a robust actin cytoskeleton in the migrating cells; mutant cells break apart when initiating migration [7].
  • An SRF-binding site (CArG box) present in the Artemia franciscana Actin403 promoter was shown to be necessary for transcriptional activity in cultured cells from Drosophila melanogaster and mammals [8].
 

Associations of bs with chemical compounds

  • Integrin mutants interact with bs mutants to increase the frequency of intervein blisters but do not typically enhance vein defects [4].
  • Phenytoin also had a significant effect on the bs behavior of treated flies [1].
  • Some of the drugs administered, including carbamazeprine, ethosuximide, and vigabactrin, had little or no effect on the bs behavior of eas(2) [1].
  • Gabapentin was also effective against two other bs mutants, bangsenseless(1) and slamdance(iso7.8), at strain-specific concentrations, while phenytoin also reduced bang-sensitive behaviors in bangsenseless(1) in a dose dependent manner [1].
  • To test the effectiveness of this method, two BS mutant strains were administered the anticonvulsant valproate and in both cases the drug was able to suppress seizures [9].
 

Other interactions of bs

  • A loss-of-function mutation introduced into the DMRTF locus by homologous recombination results in abnormalities in tracheal branching similar to those in embryos lacking SRF [2].

References

  1. Treatment with the antiepileptic drugs phenytoin and gabapentin ameliorates seizure and paralysis of Drosophila bang-sensitive mutants. Reynolds, E.R., Stauffer, E.A., Feeney, L., Rojahn, E., Jacobs, B., McKeever, C. J. Neurobiol. (2004) [Pubmed]
  2. A myocardin-related transcription factor regulates activity of serum response factor in Drosophila. Han, Z., Li, X., Wu, J., Olson, E.N. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2004) [Pubmed]
  3. YY1 facilitates the association of serum response factor with the c-fos serum response element. Natesan, S., Gilman, M. Mol. Cell. Biol. (1995) [Pubmed]
  4. Blistered: a gene required for vein/intervein formation in wings of Drosophila. Fristrom, D., Gotwals, P., Eaton, S., Kornberg, T.B., Sturtevant, M., Bier, E., Fristrom, J.W. Development (1994) [Pubmed]
  5. The Drosophila SRF homolog is expressed in a subset of tracheal cells and maps within a genomic region required for tracheal development. Affolter, M., Montagne, J., Walldorf, U., Groppe, J., Kloter, U., LaRosa, M., Gehring, W.J. Development (1994) [Pubmed]
  6. Expression of the blistered/DSRF gene is controlled by different morphogens during Drosophila trachea and wing development. Nussbaumer, U., Halder, G., Groppe, J., Affolter, M., Montagne, J. Mech. Dev. (2000) [Pubmed]
  7. Evidence for tension-based regulation of Drosophila MAL and SRF during invasive cell migration. Somogyi, K., Rørth, P. Dev. Cell (2004) [Pubmed]
  8. Characterization of a functional serum response element in the Actin403 gene promoter from the crustacean Artemia franciscana. Casero, M.C., Sastre, L. Eur. J. Biochem. (2001) [Pubmed]
  9. Anticonvulsant valproate reduces seizure-susceptibility in mutant Drosophila. Kuebler, D., Tanouye, M. Brain Res. (2002) [Pubmed]
 
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