Disease relevance of Menstruation Disturbances

• Endometriosis can develop after retrograde menstruation of endometrial tissue fragments, and establishment of ectopic sites within the peritoneal cavity requires breakdown of extracellular matrix [1].
• The prevalence of hyperprolactinemia among females taking risperidone (N=42) was 88% versus 47.6% of those taking conventional antipsychotic drugs (N=105), with 48% of those females of reproductive age on risperidone experiencing abnormal menstrual cycles (secondary amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, or polymenorrhea) [2].
• Dysmenorrhea after bilateral tubal ligation: a case of retrograde menstruation [3].

High impact information on Menstruation Disturbances

• Expression of VEGF may assist in vascularization of endometrial explants after retrograde menstruation [4].
• Similarities in VEGF content were observed in the glandular epithelium of the eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis and red lesions, suggesting that endometriosis probably arises from the peritoneal seeding of viable endometrial cells during retrograde menstruation and that red lesions can be considered as the first stage of implantation [5].
• Retrograde menstruation is not the main source of CA-125 in PF [6].
• The latter two findings are consistent with the hypothesis that retrograde menstruation may be an inciting factor for systemic lupus erythematosus in susceptible women [7].
• Only 1 patient experienced side effects (nausea and hypomenorrhea) from naproxen sodium [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of Menstruation Disturbances

• The results show that the patterns of plasma estrogen in thyrotoxic women with hypomenorrhea were similar to those in euthyroid women, although the levels in the thyrotoxic women were significantly elevated (P less than 0.001) [9].

Biological context of Menstruation Disturbances

• In the population studied most of the patients had tubal obstruction and high CA 125 serum concentrations during menstruation, which revokes the theory that the menstrual rise of CA 125 is due only to retrograde menstruation [10].

Anatomical context of Menstruation Disturbances

• Plasma levels of estrogen were measured daily by radioimmunoassay for 28 consecutive days in 12 healthy euthyroid women and 15 thyrotoxic women (10 with hypomenorrhea and 5 with amenorrhea) before commencement of therapy (except in one case) in an effort to increase understanding of the relationship between the thyroid gland and ovarian function [9].
• It is remarkable that 8 patients had a bicornuate uterus, and of them 7 had oligo- and/or hypomenorrhea [11].

Gene context of Menstruation Disturbances

• Endometriosis: its association with retrograde menstruation, dysmenorrhoea and tubal pathology [12].
• Irregular menstrual cycles were diagnosed in 27.9% of IDDM girls, polymenorrhea in half of them, and oligomenorrhea in the remainder [13].

References