Disease relevance of Menstrual Cycle

• Plasma and urinary levels of estrogens and progesterone were studied on days 11 and 22 of the menstrual cycle in 27 teenage daughters of breast cancer patients and 25 teenage daughters of controls [1].
• However, at older ages, they develop hypothalamic hypogonadism characterized by prolonged menstrual cycles, atrophic ovary, reduced hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone contents, and poor pituitary luteinizing hormone secretion [2].
• The nocturnal secretion of plasma melatonin was determined under dim to dark conditions in eight patients with prospectively confirmed premenstrual syndrome and in eight age- and menstrual cycle phase-matched normal control subjects [3].
• We analyzed the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) in 16 leiomyomas and adjacent myometrium of women who underwent a hysterectomy while in the proliferative (n = 8) and secretory phases (n = 8) of the menstrual cycle [4].
• We review the effects of the menstrual cycle on medical conditions, including menstrual migraine, epilepsy, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, irritable bowel syndrome, and diabetes [5].

Psychiatry related information on Menstrual Cycle

• This interaction is highlighted in research on testosterone and aggression in men, mood and the menstrual cycle in women, and pubertal sex role reversal in pseudohermaphrodites [6].
• Nevertheless, the close relationship between the episodes of hypersomnia and the end of the menstrual cycle led us to hypothesize a role of progesterone and to try a hormonal type of treatment that is thus far successful [7].
• Fat mass was 7.8 +/- 0.4 kg in dancers, similar to that in girls with anorexia nervosa (6.3 +/- 0.7 kg) and lower than that in girls with regular menstrual cycles (16.8 +/- 1.6 kg; P < 0.01) [8].
• Increasing alcohol consumption was associated with higher estradiol levels averaged through the menstrual cycle (p-trend = 0.009) and higher progesterone levels during luteal phase (p-trend = 0.04) [9].
• Patients with a history of a higher lethality suicide attempt had a significantly lower prolactin response to fenfluramine, even when controlling for cortisol, age, sex, weight, comorbid cluster B personality disorder, pharmacokinetic and menstrual cycle effects [10].

High impact information on Menstrual Cycle

• The trial consisted of a single-blind, placebo washout period lasting two menstrual cycles, followed by a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine at a dose of either 20 mg or 60 mg per day or placebo for six menstrual cycles [11].
• Vaginal ultrasonography was performed to determine ovarian size, and serum sex-hormone concentrations were measured in 41 women with epilepsy and menstrual disturbances, 57 women with epilepsy and regular menstrual cycles, and 51 normal women [12].
• Using the progesterone antagonist mifepristone, we truncated the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in a blinded fashion to evaluate the relation of the events of the late luteal phase to the symptoms of PMS [13].
• We conclude that it is biologically feasible to simulate the essential hormonal and endometrial milieu of a fertile menstrual cycle and early gestation solely by the administration of estrogen and progesterone [14].
• We found that odourless compounds from the armpits of women in the late follicular phase of their menstrual cycles accelerated the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone of recipient women and shortened their menstrual cycles [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Menstrual Cycle

• Concentrations of estrone and estradiol tended to be higher in the daughters of breast cancer patients than in the controls; total estrogens were elevated in both phases than in the controls; total estrogens were elevated in both phases of the menstrual cycle and significantly so in the luteal phase [16].
• Glucose tolerance tests (GTTs) were administered to 11 women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) to ascertain whether the patients had abnormalities of glucose tolerance, to determine whether such abnormalities were related to menstrual cycle phase, and to compare the symptoms during the GTT with the PMS symptoms experienced in the luteal phase [17].
• The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), administered during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, were examined in 14 women with prospectively confirmed premenstrual syndrome and in nine control subjects [18].
• Sex steroid receptors in human myometrium and fibroids: changes during the menstrual cycle and gonadotropin-releasing hormone treatment [19].
• Clomiphene citrate attenuates hyperprolactinemia associated with ovarian hyperstimulation in the primate menstrual cycle [20].

Biological context of Menstrual Cycle

• CONCLUSIONS: Menstrual cycle and sex differences exist in QTc responses to ibutilide, with the greatest increase in QTc corresponding to the first half of the menstrual cycle [21].
• The influence of the host's age and the menstrual cycle on 24 hours' excretion was investigated for each of 14 identified neutral steroids, of which four in our fraction 2 (11-hydroxyandrosterone, 11-hydroxyetiocholanolone, pregnanediol, and pregnanetriol) were menstruation dependent [22].
• Body temperature and plasma and urinary norepinephrine vary predictably over the menstrual cycle [23].
• These results indicate that luteal regression at the termination of nonfertile menstrual cycles is caused by a large reduction in the responsiveness of the aging corpus luteum to LH, which can be overcome by elevated concentrations of either LH or CG [24].
• In a noncontracepting population, the most fecund women, who might be expected to have the highest progesterone, are more likely to be pregnant or breastfeeding and hence unavailable for a cross-sectional study of the ovarian cycle [25].

Anatomical context of Menstrual Cycle

• Using this SIVmac model, we found that subcutaneous progesterone implants, which could mimic hormonally based contraceptives, thinned the vaginal epithelium and enhanced SIV vaginal transmission 7.7-fold over that observed in macaques treated with placebo implants and exposed to SIV in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle [26].
• Since a short luteal phase is associated with an endometrium not conductive to implantation, administration of the LRF agonist at the onset of menstrual cycle may prove to be a practical and novel approach to fertility control [27].
• The clinical implications of these primate studies may be far-reaching because they indicate new potential for childbearing by otherwise infertile or sterile women who have a competent uterus but lack the hormonal milieu provided by ovarian follicular maturation and corpus luteum function in the normal menstrual cycle [28].
• 43 subfertile men with circulating antibodies to spermatozoa entered a double-blind crossover trial and received soluble prednisolone (20 mg twice daily on days 1-10 of the female partner's menstrual cycle, followed by 5 mg on days 11 and 12) or matching placebo tablets for 9 months each [29].
• Erythrocyte filterability, reticulocyte count, total serum bilirubin, and CO hemoglobin percent saturation (COHb) were measured throughout one menstrual cycle in 17 women [30].

Associations of Menstrual Cycle with chemical compounds

• This suggested that giving a single dose of RU 486 late in the menstrual cycle might be an effective contraceptive strategy [31].
• OBJECTIVES: To determine if the degree of QT prolongation in response to ibutilide varies with the menstrual cycle phase and to compare QT prolongation between women and men [21].
• This action of estradiol provides an explanation for the selective reduction in FSH responses to GnRH seen during pubertal maturation in girls and during the mid-follicular stage of the menstrual cycle [32].
• Both in follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, the women with lower SES had 50% higher estriol ratios (ratio of the concentration of estriol to the sum of the concentrations of estrone and estradiol) [33].
• Thirty-four premenopausal women, aged 21-40 years, with a history of regular menstrual cycles, consumed 30 g of ethanol (equivalent to approximately two average drinks) per day for three menstrual cycles and no alcohol for the other three [34].

Gene context of Menstrual Cycle

• Expression of HOXA10 dramatically increased during the midsecretory phase of the menstrual cycle, corresponding to the time of implantation and increase in circulating progesterone [35].
• In addition, during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle CYP3A7 expression was sixfold higher than in the one sample from the proliferative phase that had detectable CYP3A7 mRNA [36].
• RESULTS: There was a significantly higher level of expression of RNA for cathepsin L, MMP-9, and TP53 (p=0.005, 0.03, 0.03, respectively) in tumours that were resected during the follicular and periovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle than at other times in the cycle [37].
• Localization, quantification, and activation of platelet-activating factor receptor in human endometrium during the menstrual cycle: PAF stimulates NO, VEGF, and FAKpp125 [38].
• There was an increase in TGF-beta 3 but not TGF-beta 1 or TGF-beta 2 in the glandular epithelium from the proliferative to the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle [39].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Menstrual Cycle

• Gastrointestinal transit time as well as serum estradiol and progesterone levels were measured in 15 normally menstruating women twice during their menstrual cycle, once in the follicular phase (days 8-10) when progesterone levels are low and once in the luteal phase (days 18-20) when progesterone levels are increased [40].
• Patients underwent 48-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring and determination of plasma concentrations of oestradiol-17 beta and progesterone on day 7, 14, 21, and 28 of their menstrual cycle [41].
• OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to examine the relationship between menstrual cycle and coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) in young healthy women, and 2) to evaluate the effect of hormone replacement therapy by estrogen on CFVR in postmenopausal women, using transthoracic color Doppler echocardiography (TTCDE) [42].
• Expression of colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) messenger RNA in human endometrial glands during the menstrual cycle: molecular cloning of a novel transcript that predicts a cell surface form of CSF-1 [43].
• Urinary excretions of progesterone (P) during normal menstrual cycle have been measured by radioimmunoassay [44].

References