Disease relevance of Menstruation

• We found that VEGF is significantly increased at the onset of menstruation, a result of the additive effects of hypoxia, transforming growth factor-alpha, and interleukin-1beta [1].
• In primary dysmenorrhea, menstrual prostaglandin release is significantly increased but can be readily suppressed to normal levels when nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) capable of inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase are given during menstruation [2].
• Bulimia, menstruation, and PMS: treatment implications [3].
• The fall in estrogen that occurs with menstruation is the trigger for menstrual migraine, whereas the sustained high estrogen levels during pregnancy frequently result in headache relief [4].
• In situ hybridization of human endometrium during menstruation, when steroid levels are low but the tissue is subject to ischemia, showed strong hybridization to VEGF mRNA in both stromal and glandular cells [5].

Psychiatry related information on Menstruation

• INTERVENTION(S): Infant feeding pattern was recorded weekly, and infant weights, maternal body mass index, and maternal PRL levels were estimated every 4 weeks until resumption of menstruation [6].

High impact information on Menstruation

• Subcutaneous injection of 50 micrograms of a luteinizing hormone-releasing factor agonist (LRF agonist) for three successive days at the time of menstruation in normal cycling women induces a shortened luteal phase with suboptimal concentrations of circulating estradiol and progesterone [7].
• Mefenamic acid (six patients) or flufenamic acid (one patient) taken during menstruation for 2-3 cycles reduced menstrual loss in each patient [8].
• These include ovarian and endometrial CRH, which may participate in the inflammatory processes of the ovary (ovulation and luteolysis) and endometrium (blastocyst implantation and menstruation), and placental CRH, which may participate in the physiology of pregnancy and the timing of labor and delivery [9].
• In the cycling human endometrium, the expression of interstitial collagenase (MMP-1) and of several related matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) follows the late-secretory fall in sex steroid plasma concentrations and is thought to be a critical step leading to menstruation [10].
• In nonfertile cycles, tissue degradation and menstruation occur as a consequence of steroidal deprivation as the ovarian corpus luteum fails [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Menstruation

• Perimenstrual catamenial epilepsy, the exacerbation of seizures in association with menstruation, may in part be due to withdrawal of the progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone (3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one), an endogenous anticonvulsant neurosteroid that is a positive allosteric modulator of gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptors [12].
• Ovarian hemorrhage from the corpus luteum of menstruation or pregnancy can be a life-threatening surgical condition which occurs at all stages of a woman's reproductive life [13].
• Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in female patients during menstruation: comparison of droperidol, metoclopramide and granisetron [14].
• Sixty-nine patients with a convincing history of menorrhagia completed a 4-cycle double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial of mefenamic acid taken during menstruation [15].
• We conclude that the prophylactic antiemetic efficacy of granisetron was superior to that of droperidol or metoclopramide for prevention of PONV in women during menstruation [14].

Biological context of Menstruation

• Six women with elevated circulating levels of big big PRL (BBPRL) and apparently normal ovarian function were variously studied through a menstrual cycle and menstruation, through pregnancy and suckling, and during stimulation tests with TRH and suppression with bromocriptine [16].
• Steroid-modulated stromal cell tissue factor expression: a model for the regulation of endometrial hemostasis and menstruation [17].
• Supplementation of the maternal diet had no significant effect on the time of resumption of regular menstruation or ovulation, maternal prolactin concentrations, breast-feeding pattern, maternal body mass index, or infant weight [18].
• The female patient had no breast development despite normal menstruation, a phenotype different from that seen in women with MAD and Arg527His LMNA mutation [19].
• RESULTS: Age, sex, time of donation, smoking status, estrogen replacement, and menstruation did not significantly influence platelet aggregation [20].

Anatomical context of Menstruation

• In regard to the capacity of TNF-alpha to induce a hemorrhagic necrosis in various tissues, this study suggests that an overproduction of TNF-alpha within the small arteries of the endometrial mucosa might be responsible for menstruation [21].
• Interleukin-1 beta counteracted E2 + MPA-mediated inhibition of secreted MMP-3 levels, implying that leukocyte/trophoblast-derived cytokines can modulate steroid-regulated MMP-3 expression by stromal/decidual cells during menstruation and pregnancy [22].
• Eosinophils, detected with monoclonal antibodies EG1 and EG2, were absent from extravascular sites between Days 5 and 26 but showed local accumulations just prior to and during menstruation [23].
• Prostacyclin was infused into the uterus of non-pregnant women either during early menstruation or in the secretory phase of the cycle [24].
• Inclusion criteria included: non-vegetarian, non-asian women whose last menstruation dated at least 12 months prior to the beginning of the study, with FSH > 40 mIU/ml, hot flushes and contraindication for HRT, not using tamoxifen or antibiotic and no disease of the gastrointestinal tract [25].

Associations of Menstruation with chemical compounds

• The purpose of this study was to determine whether bone loss could be prevented by simulating a more normal hormonal pattern, using treatment with cyclic medroxyprogesterone, with or without calcium supplementation, in physically active women with disturbed menstruation [26].
• We conclude that high parity and longer duration of exposure to estrogen, either through natural menstruation or postmenopausal ERT, have protective effects on BMD and are associated with a reduced incidence of atraumatic fracture in a population-based study [27].
• Daily low-dose mifepristone has contraceptive potential by suppressing ovulation and menstruation: a double-blind randomized control trial of 2 and 5 mg per day for 120 days [28].
• The study also demonstrates that inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis does not prevent exacerbation of asthma in relation to menstruation [29].
• In the combined group of athletes with menstrual disturbances, diurnal secretions of testosterone, LH, and PRL were positively, whereas cortisol was negatively correlated with the number of menstruations the last year [30].

Gene context of Menstruation

• These observations point to an essential role for MMP-1 in the early stages of menstruation [31].
• In fresh tissues, a major increase in MMP-9 mRNA expression occurred at menstruation, after a larger increase in LEFTY-A mRNA [32].
• Inducible NOS (iNOS) activity during menstruation was six times that of the proliferative or late-secretory phase (p < 0.05), whereas constitutive NOS activity remained unchanged [33].
• These results confirm earlier reports of a reduced GH response at menstruation to other pharmacological agents [34].
• These data suggest that glandular ERbeta expression is closely associated with a functional secretory role whereas glandular ERalpha and PR are associated with proliferation; glandular AR expression may be the switch required for menstruation [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Menstruation

• Real-time quantitative PCR showed that expression of elafin mRNA peaked during menstruation [36].
• Thyroid cancer was associated with goiter, age at menarche, irregular menstruation, and hysterectomy [37].
• The cholesterol levels did not change in patients who preserved regular menstruation after chemotherapy [38].
• Western immunoblotting showed that FGF-R1 immunoprotein was markedly reduced or absent in women with menorrhagia throughout the cycle relative to that of normal cycling women, suggesting that FGF-R1 is critical for endometrial "maturation" and regeneration of the normal endometrium following menstruation [39].
• The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device was the only form of treatment to reduce mean menstrual blood loss below 80 ml per menstruation, the upper limit of normal menstrual blood loss [40].

References