Disease relevance of Surrogate Mothers

• Since the passage, in November 1995, of the ACT Substitute Parents Agreement Act, The Canberra Fertility Centre has added a true gestational carrier pregnancy programme to its established infertility and IVF services [1].

High impact information on Surrogate Mothers

• Surviving male pups were treated with nicotine via suckling from surrogate mothers implanted subcutaneously with Alzet minipumps containing nicotine (0.2 mumol/kg per h) for four weeks [2].
• At birth pups of both ethanol-exposed and pair-fed groups were fostered by surrogate mothers which received normal rat chow ad libitum [3].
• Among the litters born to dams maintained on the 2.0 mg/kg/day dose of LAAM, there was a high incidence of stillbirths and infanticide by biological mothers or by surrogate mothers to which they were transferred within a few hours of birth [4].
• RESULTS: In all 4 cases, NATP resulted from an incompatibility between the fetus and gestational carrier for the platelet-specific alloantigen HPA-1a [5].
• MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Successful ART cycle(s) in patient with PPH and successful gestational carrier pregnancy [6].

Anatomical context of Surrogate Mothers

• INTERVENTION(S): Standard IVF treatment, transabdominal oocyte retrieval, and transfer to surrogate mother [7].
• Mouse preimplantation embryo functions have been shown to be disrupted by in vitro exposure to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) with subsequent transfer to the uteri of pseudopregnant surrogate mothers [8].
• Another group of host mothers received diclofenac i.p., one hour prior to transfer of untreated blastocysts [9].

Associations of Surrogate Mothers with chemical compounds

• Protein alterations associated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea exposure of preimplantation mouse embryos transferred to surrogate mothers [8].
• Pregnancy of the surrogate mothers was maintained by estrogen treatment on days 10 to 16 after transfer [10].
• French Supreme Court rules surrogate-mother agreements illegal [11].
• Serum corticosterone level, which is suggested to enhance retroviral induction, was significantly higher in the ICR than in the NOD surrogate mothers [12].
• Effects of weaning by surrogate mothers (ACI) on tumor development in SD rats treated with methylnitrosourea (MNU) and/or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) [13].

Gene context of Surrogate Mothers

• INTERVENTION(S): A regular IVF procedure in the aborting woman and transfer of two good-quality embryos to the surrogate mother, who had previously received hormones [14].
• The nurse as mother surrogate: oral histories of Nova Scotia nurses from the 1920s and 1930s [15].
• Uterine transplantation could allow these women to become both genetic and gestational mothers [16].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Surrogate Mothers

• Between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 1999 the results of 49 frozen embryo transfers to 25 gestational carriers were compared with 849 frozen embryo transfers on a routine IVF programme [1].

References