Disease relevance of Snake Bites

• In the study, 55 snake bite victims requiring ventilatory support for severe neurotoxic envenoming received either 150 ml of polyvalent snake antivenom (SAV) (low dose SAV group, n = 28) or 100 ml of SAV at presentation followed by 100 ml every 6 hours until recovery of neurological manifestations (high dose group, n = 27) [1].
• MR imaging of the kidney was performed in 6 patients with acute renal failure (ARF) secondary to rhabdomyolysis caused by snake bite (n = 4), crush injury (n = 1), and carbon monoxide poisoning (n = 1) [2].
• Sequential randomised and double blind trial of promethazine prophylaxis against early anaphylactic reactions to antivenom for bothrops snake bites [3].

High impact information on Snake Bites

• Envenomations due to snake bites are commonly treated by parenteral administration of horse or sheep-derived polyclonal antivenoms aimed at the neutralization of toxins [4].
• These observations demonstrate the possible importance of TNF-alpha in the development of the resulting necrotic lesion and leads to the hypothesis that increased levels of venom metalloproteinases following snake bite release active TNF-alpha [5].
• Since venoms of viper snakes are a rich source of both serine- and metalloproteinase, we hypothesized that angiostatin-like polypeptides could be generated during the envenomation after snake bites and play a pathophysiological role in the local tissue damage and regeneration [6].
• OBJECTIVES: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has been reported as a mediator of local tissue injury following snake envenomation in an intact rat model [7].
• Recurrence phenomena after immunoglobulin therapy for snake envenomations: Part 2. Guidelines for clinical management with crotaline Fab antivenom [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of Snake Bites

• Clinical features of neurotoxic snake bite and response to antivenom in 47 children [9].
• Use of neostigmine after snake bite [10].
• In addition, the local application of CaNa2 EDTA to neutralize hemorrhagic toxins, immediately after a snake bite, may provide rapid inhibition of local damage caused by the venoms [11].
• She recovered after treatment with polyvalent snake bite antivenom preceded by promethazine [12].
• Decreased serum cholesterol level after snake bite (Vipera palaestinae) as a marker of severity of envenomation [13].

Anatomical context of Snake Bites

• PLA2 is thought to be toxic to cell membrane, thereby, can cause local cell and tissue damage, as well as systemic effects in snake bite victims [14].

Gene context of Snake Bites

• The non-obstetric causes included snake bite in 26 (12%), acute gastro-enteritis in 5 (10%), haemolytic uremic syndrome in 2 (4%) and G6PD deficiency with intravascular haemolysis in one patient (2%) [15].
• Species diagnosis is important because only monospecific antivenoms are available for treatment in Thailand. We tested the ability of the ELISA technique to detect venom antigen in the sera of 58 acute snake bite cases including 4 fatalities, and venom antibody in 51 patients bitten between 1 month and 19 years previously [16].
• The implications of these new groups of PLA2 toxin inhibitors in the context of our current understanding of snake biology as well as in the development of novel therapeutic reagents in the treatment of snake envenomations worldwide are discussed [17].
• The majority of snake bites (63%) occurred at night (between 6.30 p.m. and midnight) and over 74% took place during the hot rainy season, i.e. between November and April [18].
• Paris formosana Hayata (Liliaceae) grown in the mountain areas of Taiwan, has been used as a folk remedy for snake bite, and as an anti-inflammatory or anti-neoplastic agent [19].

References