Disease relevance of G

• Phylogenetic analysis of M, G and L protein sequences allowed insights into the evolutionary and taxonomic relationship of rhabdoviruses of fish relative to those of insects or mammals, and a broader sense of the relationship of non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses [1].
• Phylogenetic analysis of partial G gene sequences (mid-G, 303 nucleotides) from North American IHNV isolates (Kurath et al. 2003) has revealed 3 major genogroups, designated U, M and L [2].
• The duration of the Mx mRNA response to an intramuscular injection of the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) glycoprotein (G) gene DNA vaccine as well as to the control plasmid was determined in rainbow trout at 14 degrees C over a period of 11 weeks [3].
• In addition, a phylogenetic analysis using the amino acid sequence from rhabdovirus G genes indicated that SHRV should be classified within the Novirhabdovirus genus [4].
• Finally, the SHRV-G gene was successfully expressed in mammalian cells under the control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, establishing that it can potentially be used in the production of pseudotyped retroviruses designed to infect fish [4].

High impact information on G

• Assays for trout Mx protein, an indicator of alpha/beta interferon induction, showed that only fish vaccinated with a G-containing plasmid produced high levels of Mx protein in the kidneys and liver [5].
• No glycosylation of any virion protein was observed when the carbohydrate nature of the glycoprotein of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus was detected [6].
• The use of infectious hematopietic necrosis virus (IHNV) recombinant viruses, expressing the VHSV G protein, further substantiated the VHSV G-protein specificity of the 8 aa Vbeta4-Jbeta1 response and designated the 6 aa Vbeta4-Jbeta1 response as potentially directed to a T-cell epitope common to VHSV and IHNV [7].
• The gene encoding the envelope glycoprotein of a recent Danish isolate of a salmonid rhabdovirus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) has been cloned and sequenced at the cDNA level [8].
• Co-injection of interleukin 8 with the glycoprotein gene from viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) modulates the cytokine response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [9].

Biological context of G

• Experimental evaluation of the method consisted of three steps: (i) RT-PCR amplification of the G-gene of VHSV isolates using purified viral RNA as template, (ii) digestion of the PCR products with a panel of restriction endonucleases and (iii) interpretation of the resulting RFLP profiles [10].
• Non-specific immune response genes such as NK, Kupffer cell receptor, MIP1-alpha and Mx1 protein gene were observed to be up-regulated by the VHSV G-protein DNA vaccine at 1 and 3 days post-immunization [11].
• Digestion of PCR amplicons from the full-length G-gene by a set of three restriction enzymes was predicted to accurately enable the assignment of the VHSV isolates into the four major genotypes discovered to date [10].
• Virulence of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus coinfection in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) and nucleotide sequence analysis of the IHNV glycoprotein gene [12].
• The sequence of the IHNV gene involved in virulence, the glycoprotein (G) gene, was determined for the IHNV.S46 and compared with other sequences available in the GenBank [12].

Anatomical context of G

• To get further insight into the nature of this response the modifications of the T-cell repertoire following immunization with plasmid expressing the VHSV external glycoprotein (G), which is the only protein involved in protective immunity, was analysed [7].
• Expression of the glycoprotein of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) on the surface of the fish cell line RTG-P1 induces type 1 interferon expression in neighbouring cells [13].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of G

• Protective immunity by vaccination with plasmid DNA encoding a viral glycoprotein (G) has long been assumed to result from the induction of a specific immune response [5].
• Sequence analysis of the Vbeta4-Jbeta1 junctions showed that the 8 aa junction (SSGDSYSE) was clearly expanded, indicating that viral G protein was probably the target of the anti-VHSV public response [7].
• IPNV was easily detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), whereas, for IHNV, a second step of amplification of a 753 bp fragment corresponding to the internal sequences of the IHNV G gene was necessary to optimize viral detection [12].
• Molecular cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the glycoprotein gene of VHS virus, and immunization of rainbow trout with the recombinant protein [8].

References