Disease relevance of Salmonidae

• Amino acid homologies with the glycoprotein of a North American salmonid rhabdovirus (infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus) indicate a high degree of structural similarity between the two fish rhabdovirus glycoproteins [1].
• Synthetic T7-driven cDNA minigenomes containing the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene as a reporter were derived from the genome of two salmonid novirhabdoviruses, infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) [2].
• Detection of Aeromonas salmonicida, causal agent of furunculosis in salmonid fish, from the tank effluent of hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon smolts [3].
• Salmonid rickettsial septicemia, caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis, causes major mortalities in Chilean salmonid aquaculture and is an increasing problem in Atlantic salmon in Ireland and Scotland [4].
• Human embryonic kidney 293 cells transfected with the SasaIFN-alpha1 cDNA gene produced high titers of acid-stable antiviral activity, which protected salmonid cells against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and also induced Mx protein in the cells [5].

High impact information on Salmonidae

• Lunar phasing of the thyroxine surge preparatory to seaward migration of salmonid fish [6].
• Carbonyl reductase-like 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (CR/20beta-HSD) is an enzyme that converts 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone to 17alpha, 20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (the maturation-inducing hormone of salmonid fish) [7].
• Three isoforms of calcitonin (CT) exist in salmonids [8].
• Modes of salmonid MHC class I and II evolution differ from the primate paradigm [9].
• A prevalent mechanism for evolving new MHC class I alleles in salmonids is recombination in intron II that shuffles alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains into different combinations [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Salmonidae

• The binding of labeled phosphatidylserine (PS) to a collection of synthetic 15-mer peptides covering full-length glycoprotein G (G) of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a salmonid rhabdovirus, showed three dominant overlapping reactive peptides [10].
• Detection of hemorrhagic septicemia virus of salmonid fishes by use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay containing high sodium chloride concentration and two noncompetitive monoclonal antibodies against early viral nucleoproteins [11].
• Antibody response in salmonids against the 70 kDa serine protease of Aeromonas salmonicida studied by a monoclonal antibody-based ELISA [12].
• Antiviral activity and its mechanism of guanine 7-N-oxide on DNA and RNA viruses derived from salmonid [13].
• Toxicity of a phytosterol mixture to grayling (Thymallus thymallus) during early developmental stages [14].

Biological context of Salmonidae

• Molecular evolution of transferrin: evidence for positive selection in salmonids [15].
• The results showed that the salmonid Hpa 1 family is widespread in the genomes of salmonid species [16].
• Regulation of ovarian steroidogenesis in vitro by follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone during sexual maturation in salmonid fish [17].
• Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to test the hypothesis that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are formed in the olfactory placode during embryonic development in a salmonid, Oncorhynchus nerka [18].
• Fragments of the isolated gene containing the -900 - +30 and -217 - +58 sequence were linked to a bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene and transiently transfected into salmonid cells [19].

Anatomical context of Salmonidae

• Investigators have established that both estradiol-17 beta and 17 alpha,20 beta-DP are biosynthesized by salmonid ovarian follicles via an interaction of two cell layers, the thecal and granulosa cell layers (two-cell-type model) [20].
• Utilization of the bone/liver alkaline phosphatase activity ratio in blood plasma as an indicator of ascorbate deficiency in salmonid fish [21].
• Cortisol mediated suppression of salmonid lymphocyte responses in vitro [22].
• The principal conclusions are that T, 5 beta-T and the PEs can be considered as MISs in winter flounder and the PE pathway predominates during the final stages of oocyte maturation in winter flounder in contrast to progesterones which predominate in other fish species, mostly salmonids, studies to date [23].
• Spermatozoa of salmonid fishes were motile when semen was diluted 1:100 with solutions of sodium chloride or mannitol, over the osmotic range of 0-300 mosmol kg-1 [24].

Associations of Salmonidae with chemical compounds

• Polysialoglycoproteins (PSGP), a class of glycoproteins containing oligo(poly)sialylglycan chains, are the major glycoprotein components in cortical alveoli of a number of Salmonidae fish eggs [25].
• Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes of salmonid fish. Evidence for unique and rapid functional divergence of duplicated H-4 lactate dehydrogenases [26].
• Use of a bacteriophage-derived endo-N-acetylneuraminidase and an equine antipolysialyl antibody to characterize the polysialyl residues in salmonid fish egg polysialoglycoproteins. Substrate and immunospecificity studies [25].
• alpha 2-->8-Linked polysialic acid (polySia) chains terminate O-linked oligosaccharide chains on Salmonidae fish egg polysialoglycoproteins (PSGPs) [27].
• Furthermore, RT-PCR and DNA sequencing analysis indicate the presence of three IGF-I prohormones in another member of the Salmonidae family, the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) [28].

Gene context of Salmonidae

• Unlike GH and PRL, SL can exist in either glycosylated or nonglycosylated form, depending on the species; most teleosts possess glycosylated SLs, except for salmonids whose SLs are simple proteins [29].
• Serum amyloid A (A-SAA) has previously been reported to be an acute-phase protein in salmonids [30].
• This transgene dramatically enhances the growth of salmonids, and raises serum GH levels some forty-fold [31].
• Cytochrome b and 16S rRNA sequence variation in the Salmo trutta (Salmonidae, Teleostei) species complex [32].
• Therefore it is a reliable method for measuring IGF-II levels in salmonids and some nonsalmonid fish species [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Salmonidae

• In all salmonids examined, electroencephalograms to amino acids and taurocholic acid, applied singly or in combination, projected to two segregated regions, the lateroposterior and mid-olfactory bulb, respectively [34].
• The result of Southern blot analysis of sockeye and masu salmon genomic DNAs supported the evidence that there are at least two TRH genes in the salmonid [35].
• This paper describes an homologous radioimmunoassay for coho salmon vitellogenin that demonstrates parallel cross-reactivity for plasma vitellogenin of all Pacific salmonids tested (chinook, chum, coho, pink, and sockeye salmon, and cutthroat and rainbow trout), but not for Atlantic salmon or two nonsalmonids: common carp and sablefish [36].
• Intraperitoneal injections of tetrachloroveratrol (CV-4) into Thymallus arcticus baikalensis did not reveal any traces of free CV-4 or CG-4 glucuronide in the bile in 2 days at 5 degrees C. We therefore suggest that CV-4 was not demethylated and subsequently conjugated with glucuronic acid in the liver of this fish species [37].
• Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptors were quantified in glycoprotein fractions prepared by wheat germ agglutinin-agarose affinity chromatography from skeletal muscle of several species of salmonid fish and carp [38].

References