Disease relevance of Hmgb2

• We also present a semi-quantitative estimate that HMG-1 and HMG-2 occur in chromatin from rapidly dividing, cultured rat hepatoma cells at about 8 times the level that they occur in adult rat liver chromatin [1].

High impact information on Hmgb2

• Averaged over the four tissues investigated, there were 0.28 molecule of HMG1, 0.18 molecule of HMG2, and 0.46 molecule of HMG17 per nucleosome [2].
• These results show that the very high level of HMG2 in testis is not associated with proliferative activity as previously hypothesized [3].
• High levels of HMG2 in the testis were due to pachytene spermatocytes and early spermatids (56 +/- 4 and 47 +/- 6 micrograms/mg of DNA, respectively) [3].
• The somatic cells of the testis, including isolated populations of Sertoli and Leydig cells, showed very low levels of HMG2 (2 micrograms/mg of DNA), similar to those in nonproliferating somatic tissues [3].
• Mixtures of spermatogonia and early primary spermatocytes showed lower levels of HMG2 (12 +/- 3 micrograms/mg of DNA) similar to proliferating somatic tissues, whereas late spermatids had no detectable HMG proteins [3].

Biological context of Hmgb2

• In young rats, sodium butyrate and hydrocortisone stimulated acetylation of HMG 14 and 17, and decreased that of HMG 2 [4].
• Repression of cell cycle progression by antisense HMG2 RNA [5].
• These results suggest that the fluctuation of the HMG2 message during the cell cycle is not a consequence of but a prerequisite for cell proliferation [5].
• Progression of the cell cycle of COS-1 cells was repressed during G1 to S phase by expression of the antisense RNA for HMG2, resulting in a decrease of cell growth [5].
• Northern analysis demonstrated that the level of HMG2 mRNA was markedly enhanced in the post-S phase and reached a maximum at G2 phase, suggesting that expression of the HMG2 gene is not coupled with DNA synthesis [5].

Anatomical context of Hmgb2

• The expression level of the HMG2 gene during the cell cycle of rat fibroblast cell lines was analyzed [5].

Associations of Hmgb2 with chemical compounds

• ADP-ribosylation of HMG 2 was stimulated by spermine, butyrate and dexamethasone in old but only by spermine in young rats [6].
• Aminobenzamide inhibited ADP-ribosylation of only HMG 2 in young but all HMGs except HMG 2 in the old [6].
• Dexamethasone stimulated the methylation of HMG 2 to 12-fold, and inhibited that of other HMGs in young rats [7].

Other interactions of Hmgb2

• The "fast" form of HMG2 accounted for the large increase of HMG2 levels in rat testes [3].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Hmgb2

• Characterization by high performance liquid chromatography--mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), partial peptide sequencing and western blot analysis showed the isolated HMG proteins to be HMG-1 and HMG-2 [8].
• Incorporation of [3H]lysine into the non-histone chromosomal proteins HMG1, HMG2, and HMG17 and into each of the five major classes of histones was measured in rat liver at various times after partial hepatectomy [9].

References