Disease relevance of Spermatogonia

• HIV-1 nucleic acids localize to the spermatogonia and their progeny. A study by polymerase chain reaction in situ hybridization [1].
• In conclusion, SPOC1 is a novel PHD-finger protein showing strong expression in spermatogonia and ovarian cancer cells [2].
• Pretreatment by intraperitoneal administration of WR 2721 at 400 mg/kg body weight in mice receiving 4.0 Gy X rays was found to have an appreciable antimutagenic effect with regard to reciprocal translocation induction in spermatogonia [3].
• In contrast, NY-ESO-1 was expressed both in carcinomas in situ, which are the earliest stage of testicular tumors (7 of 15 cases), and in spermatocytic seminomas, which are believed to be derived from spermatogonia or primary spermatocytes (8 of 16 cases) [4].
• On the contrary, only ADM and MMC induced chromosomal aberrations in mouse spermatogonia [5].

High impact information on Spermatogonia

• Microarray analysis of isolated spermatogonia from Zfp145-null mice before testis degeneration showed alterations in the expression profile of genes associated with spermatogenesis [6].
• Germ-line transmission of mutations were not observed in chimeric Zfp148(+/-) mice, and some of these mice completely lacked spermatogonia [7].
• We detect plus-end-tracking GFP-CLIP-170 in spermatogonia [8].
• Expression of DAZ, an azoospermia factor candidate, in human spermatogonia [9].
• Immunohistochemical staining of frozen tissues shows elevated amounts of CAS in proliferating cells such as testicular spermatogonia and cells in the basal layer cells of the colon [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Spermatogonia

• To determine whether these type A spermatogonia could be stimulated to differentiate, as had been demonstrated previously in other models of toxicant-induced sterility, we suppressed intratesticular testosterone and serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels with the GnRH agonist Lupron (leuprolide) [11].
• 6 mice with inherited cataracts and 1 new allele of microphthalmia were recovered from 923 progeny of untreated, outbred, PT stock females that had been mated to inbred C3H/HeH strain males, whose spermatogonia had been exposed to 250 mg/kg of ethylnitrosourea (ENU) [12].
• In addition we used irradiation, 2 weeks prior to injection of cyclophosphamide, to greatly enhance the measured toxicity of cyclophosphamide towards stem spermatogonia [13].
• The persistence of SCE-inducing lesions in spermatogonia was investigated by giving a treatment of CP (20 mg/kg body weight), 6 and 9 days before completion of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) administration [14].
• Chromosomal aberrations were not induced in differentiating spermatogonia by the acute acrylamide treatment [15].

Biological context of Spermatogonia

• As XIST transcription is well correlated with inactivation of the X chromosome in female somatic cells and spermatogonia, nonexpression of the locus even when it is present suggests that these chromosomes are transcriptionally active [16].
• While Sertoli cell cytoplasmic processes between adjacent cells display tensional forces, spermatogonia are engaged in oscillatory cell movements different from the nuclear rotation observed in meiotic prophase spermatocytes [17].
• After 9 days of culture in serum-free, chemically defined medium containing 11-ketotestosterone (10 ng/ml), a major androgen in male eels, type A and early-type B spermatogonia began mitosis, producing late-type B spermatogonia [18].
• Two hypotheses are put forward: (1) In males lack of FMR1 function results in a premeiotic defect preventing spermatogonia with a full mutation to reach meiosis [19].
• The mouse Dffry gene maps to the Sxrb deletion interval on the short arm of the mouse Y chromosome and its expression in mouse testis can first be detected between 7.5 and 10.5 days after birth when type A and B spermatogonia and pre-leptotene and leptotene spermatocytes are present [20].

Anatomical context of Spermatogonia

• In the testis, metallothionein was detected in the Sertoli cells and interstitial cells but not within the spermatogonia [21].
• No evidence for deletion of two d-se region probes was obtained for the remaining two d mutations that arose in stem-cell spermatogonia [22].
• Immunohistochemistry of the testis revealed expression of FMR1 in the spermatogonia only, confirming the previous finding that, in the sperm cells of fragile X patients with a full mutation in their blood cells, only a premutation is present [23].
• While FMR1 is highly expressed in proliferating spermatogonia, FXR1 is highly expressed in postmeiotic spermatids [24].
• Counts of spermatogonia from tissue sections (seminiferous tubules in maturation stage 6) from five animals in each group revealed 4% fewer spermatogonia in flight testes compared with synchronous controls and 11% fewer spermatogonia in flight samples compared with vivarium controls [25].

Associations of Spermatogonia with chemical compounds

• It is concluded that, despite the mutagenic effectiveness of ethylnitrosourea, the spermatogonia are apparently capable of repairing at least a major part of the mutational damage when the repair process is not swamped by a high dose [26].
• Histological examination showed that the numbers of A-aligned, intermediate, and B spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes and their mitoses were unaffected by testosterone plus 17beta-estradiol treatment [27].
• Busulfan did not affect type A dark spermatogonia [28].
• Seven drugs, Adriamycin, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, hydroxyurea, vinblastine, and vincristine, given as single injections, were cytotoxic to differentiated spermatogonia [29].
• Hormonal protection from procarbazine-induced testicular damage is selective for survival and recovery of stem spermatogonia [30].

Gene context of Spermatogonia

• The Delta Sxrb deletion interval of the mouse Y chromosome contains Spy, a spermatogenesis factor gene(s) whose expression is essential for the postnatal development of the mitotic germ cells, spermatogonia [31].
• In the seminiferous tubules of Sl/Sl(d) or Sl(17H)/Sl(17H) mice, transplanted donor germ cells proliferated and formed colonies of undifferentiated c-kit (-) spermatogonia, but were unable to differentiate further [32].
• Studies with type A spermatogonia in vivo and in vitro have indicated that SCF induces DNA synthesis and proliferation [33].
• In addition, it turned out that the GDNF/RET signaling plays a crucial role in renal development and regulation of spermatogonia differentiation [34].
• A substantial expression of GRK4 mRNA was only found in testis and in the spermatogonia cell line GC-1 spg [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Spermatogonia

• Effect of dose fractionation on the ethylnitrosourea induction of specific-locus mutations in mouse spermatogonia [36].
• Although specific nucleolar immunofluorescence was not detectable in most normal tissues, it was detectable in some proliferating nonmalignant tissues including spermatogonia of the testes, ductal regions of hypertrophied prostates, and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes [37].
• Two-millimeter segments of seminiferous tubules from four different stages containing type A4-spermatogonia (stage I), type B spermatogonia (stage V), resting preleptotene spermatocytes (stage VIIa), and preleptotene spermatocytes in the S-phase (stage VIII-IX), respectively, were isolated by transillumination-assisted microdissection [38].
• During the first 18 h after administration of vitamin A, no increase was observed in either the labeling index or the mitotic index of the A spermatogonia [39].
• The IGF-II/M6P receptors were present on the surface of spermatogonia, as detected by indirect immunofluorescence [40].

References