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Gene Review

mod  -  modulo

Drosophila melanogaster

Synonyms: 0952/14, CG2050, DNA-binding protein modulo, Dmel\CG2050, Mod, ...
 
 
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Disease relevance of mod

  • We conclude that there are three requirements for the expression of CI in a host-Wolbachia association: (a) Wolbachia has to be able to modify sperm (mod(+) genotype), (b) Wolbachia has to infect sperm cysts, and (c) Wolbachia has to be harbored by a permissive host [1].
  • This pattern can be interpreted as resulting from two bacterial effects: One (usually termed mod, for modification) would affect sperm and induce embryo death, unless Wolbachia is also present in the egg, which implies the existence of a second effect, usually termed resc, for rescue [2].
 

High impact information on mod

 

Biological context of mod

  • TSH is therefore a DNA binding protein and might directly control mod expression [5].
  • The TSH zinc-finger protein recognizes in vitro two specific sites within a 5' control element of the mod gene which responds in vivo to tsh activity [5].
  • Our results indicate the presence of two main groups of Drosophila-Wolbachia associations: group I, which exhibits a positive correlation between CI levels and the percentage of infected sperm cysts (mod(+) phenotype), and group II, which does not express CI (mod(-) phenotype) irrespective of the infection status of the sperm cysts [1].
  • While the molecular basis of CI is still unknown, it has been suggested that two bacterial functions are involved: mod (for modification) modifies the sperm during spermatogenesis and resc (for rescue) acts in the female germline and/or in early embryos, neutralizing the modification [1].
  • Analysis of gene-expression patterns in the male sterile modulo mutant indicates that Modulo supports high expression of the meiotic-arrest genes and is essential for transcription of spermatid-differentiation genes [4].
 

Anatomical context of mod

  • Estimates of Wolbachia density in the eggs, testes and whole flies of drosophilid hosts have been unable to predict the lack of cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) expression in so-called mod(-) variants [6].
  • Consistent with a role for Modulo in nucleolus activity and protein synthesis capacity, somatic clones homozygous for a null mutation express a cell-autonomous phenotype consisting of growth alteration and short slender bristles, characteristic traits of Minute mutations, which are known to affect ribosome biogenesis [7].
 

Associations of mod with chemical compounds

  • The biological significance of this process is demonstrated by observations that retention of the N-acetyl-cysteine in ACT88F affects the flight muscle function of mod(-) flies [8].
 

Regulatory relationships of mod

  • In this report, we provide evidence that dCBP may regulate the formation of chromatin states through interactions with the modulo (mod) gene product, a protein that is thought to be involved in chromatin packaging [9].
 

Other interactions of mod

  • The interaction between the coactivator dCBP and Modulo, a chromatin-associated factor, affects segmentation and melanotic tumor formation in Drosophila [9].
  • The results provide evidence suggesting that Modulo participates in distinct molecular networks in the nucleolus and heterochromatin and has distinct functions in the two compartments [7].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of mod

References

  1. Cytoplasmic incompatibility and sperm cyst infection in different Drosophila-Wolbachia associations. Veneti, Z., Clark, M.E., Zabalou, S., Karr, T.L., Savakis, C., Bourtzis, K. Genetics (2003) [Pubmed]
  2. Incipient evolution of Wolbachia compatibility types. Charlat, S., Riegler, M., Baures, I., Poinsot, D., Stauffer, C., Merçot, H. Evolution (2004) [Pubmed]
  3. Cell lineage-specific expression of modulo, a dose-dependent modifier of variegation in Drosophila. Garzino, V., Pereira, A., Laurenti, P., Graba, Y., Levis, R.W., Le Parco, Y., Pradel, J. EMBO J. (1992) [Pubmed]
  4. Transcriptional regulation by Modulo integrates meiosis and spermatid differentiation in male germ line. Mikhaylova, L.M., Boutanaev, A.M., Nurminsky, D.I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2006) [Pubmed]
  5. The Drosophila teashirt homeotic protein is a DNA-binding protein and modulo, a HOM-C regulated modifier of variegation, is a likely candidate for being a direct target gene. Alexandre, E., Graba, Y., Fasano, L., Gallet, A., Perrin, L., De Zulueta, P., Pradel, J., Kerridge, S., Jacq, B. Mech. Dev. (1996) [Pubmed]
  6. Wolbachia-mediated sperm modification is dependent on the host genotype in Drosophila. McGraw, E.A., Merritt, D.J., Droller, J.N., O'Neill, S.L. Proc. Biol. Sci. (2001) [Pubmed]
  7. Dynamics of the sub-nuclear distribution of Modulo and the regulation of position-effect variegation by nucleolus in Drosophila. Perrin, L., Demakova, O., Fanti, L., Kallenbach, S., Saingery, S., Mal'ceva, N.I., Pimpinelli, S., Zhimulev, I., Pradel, J. J. Cell. Sci. (1998) [Pubmed]
  8. Drosophila ACT88F indirect flight muscle-specific actin is not N-terminally acetylated: a mutation in N-terminal processing affects actin function. Schmitz, S., Clayton, J., Nongthomba, U., Prinz, H., Veigel, C., Geeves, M., Sparrow, J. J. Mol. Biol. (2000) [Pubmed]
  9. The interaction between the coactivator dCBP and Modulo, a chromatin-associated factor, affects segmentation and melanotic tumor formation in Drosophila. Bantignies, F., Goodman, R.H., Smolik, S.M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2002) [Pubmed]
 
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