Disease relevance of Parakeratosis

• Permanent irreversible changes, in the form of parakeratosis and squamous metaplasia of the epithelium, and hypertrophy of the muscle fibers, were observed together with persistence of increased alkaline phosphatase enzyme intensity in the endothelium of capillaries and increased activity of nonspecific esterase in the muscles [1].

High impact information on Parakeratosis

• In addition, CSB -/- mice develop marked parakeratosis, whereas XPC -/- mice and controls do not [2].
• The addition of 1 microM 13-cis retinoic acid caused a significant reduction in the rate of DNA synthesis and apparent parakeratosis [3].
• The addition of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to the culture caused the epidermis to become acanthotic with orthokeratosis, but with high concentrations of EGF (greater than or equal to 10 ng/ml) parakeratosis and increased proliferation of the epidermis occurred [4].
• INV-AR mouse histopathology also revealed epidermal hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis, and an exaggerated dermal vasculature [5].
• The cell loss was compensated by hyperproliferation of the distal matrix and of the nail bed keratinocytes, with persistent marked parakeratosis and loose arrangement of keratin bundles [6].

Chemical compound and disease context of Parakeratosis

• Simultaneous evaluation of CE maturity and parakeratosis was carried out by a combination of involucrin immunostaining and nuclear staining of detergent-dissociated corneocytes [7].
• Axillary granular parakeratosis: response to isotretinoin [8].
• Granular parakeratosis: resolution with topical tretinoin [9].
• In a study of 25 oral biopsy specimens of lesions of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus, a characteristic and diagnostic histopathological pattern was confirmed, which consisted of parakeratosis, hydropic degeneration of stratum germinativum, collagen degeneration and a lymphocytic infiltration in a perivascular orientation [10].
• The parakeratosis elicited by nonanoic acid showed cells with irregular membranes and nuclei with non-flattened and irregular borders [11].

Anatomical context of Parakeratosis

• A spectrum of cytologic findings was appreciated, including diagnostic anucleated squames associated with numerous neutrophils, keratinous debris, cholesterol crystals, parakeratosis and strips of squamous epithelium [12].
• Histologically, marked hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis, degenerative changes of basal cells in H/E stain, and thickened, multilayered basement membrane in PAS stain, were observed [13].

Gene context of Parakeratosis

• The reactivities for both loricrin and loricrin mRNAs were abolished by a treatment of the cultures with a retinoic acid concentration (10(-6) M) provoking a complete inhibition of terminal epidermal differentiation (parakeratosis) [14].
• In areas of mixed orthokeratosis and parakeratosis where the stratum corneum was greatly thickened as might correspond clinically to a cutaneous horn, SCCE staining was either absent or focally aggregated without regard to orthokeratosis or parakeratosis [15].
• The Bethesda System categorizes atypical parakeratosis (APK) as "ASCUS or SIL depending on the degree of cellular abnormalities." APK, however, is not well-defined [16].
• A total of 123 sera samples of porcine foetuses (n = 28), adult healthy pigs (n = 56), pigs with parakeratosis (n = 25) and pigs with ulceration of the pars oesophagea (n = 14) were tested [17].
• Histologic examination of the tongue epithelium of the zinc-deficient rats showed a hypercellular prickle cell layer and a marked parakeratosis [18].

References