Disease relevance of Capillaries

• DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR, a related receptor found on the endothelium of liver sinusoids, placental capillaries, and lymph nodes, bind to oligosaccharides that are present on the envelope of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), an interaction that strongly promotes viral infection of T cells [1].
• Mast cells infiltrate hyperplasias, dysplasias, and invasive fronts of carcinomas, but not the core of solid tumors, where they degranulate in close apposition to capillaries and epithelial basement membranes, releasing mast-cell-specific serine proteases MCP-4 (chymase) and MCP-6 (tryptase) [2].
• This effect of acetazolamide on CBF is probably explained by a decrease in brain pH rather than by brain tissue hypoxia due to inhibition of oxygen unloading in the brain capillaries [3].
• Endothelial characteristics of glomerular capillaries in normal, mercuric chloride-induced, and gentamicin-induced acute renal failure in the rat [4].
• However, by contrast with normal brain capillaries which constitute the blood-brain barrier, brain tumor capillaries are compromised or "leaky," and the extent to which Pgp expression in brain tumor neovasculature retains its capacity to limit drug penetration has not been determined [5].

Psychiatry related information on Capillaries

• The authors examined the hypothesis that senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are formed by abnormal leakage of amyloidogenic precursors from brain capillaries by quantitative analysis of the spatial relationship between capillaries and amyloid plaques [6].
• Therefore we used the histochemical approach for examination of the effect of chronic alcohol consumption on MAO A and B activities in definite brain structures: various types of aminergic neurons, glial cells and blood capillaries [7].

High impact information on Capillaries

• In a number of tissues, including mammary gland, liver, heart, lung and intestine, antibodies to xanthine oxidase stained only endothelial cells of capillaries, including sinusoids, but not endothelia of larger blood vessels and endocard [8].
• We conclude that bFGF can act as a self-stimulating growth factor for capillary endothelial cells, and that it is possible that the formation of new capillaries is induced by capillary endothelial cells themselves [9].
• It is probably triggered by agents, such as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), thought to be released from tissues adjacent to proliferating capillaries [9].
• We now show that monoclonal antibodies against rat and human transferrin receptors label blood capillaries in the brain but not in other tissues [10].
• Transferrin receptor on endothelium of brain capillaries [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Capillaries

• The distribution of red cells in the capillaries, determined in histological sections, did not differ appreciably under hypoxia due to reduced O2 in respiration air (12%) or asphyxia [11].
• Several interpretations of this result are possible, including the postulate that intermittent blood flow occurs in all 9L tumor capillaries, which results in the majority of the binding of misonidazole occurring during the periods of transient hypoxia [12].
• Endogenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is continually absorbed from the gut into intestinal capillaries, and low-grade portal venous endotoxemia is the status quo [13].
• Since alloxan-diabetic dogs and galactosemic dogs develop microaneurysms, occluded capillaries, and other retinal lesions characteristic of diabetic retinopathy in human patients, these studies suggest that retinopathy can develop in the absence of extraordinary in vitro platelet aggregation [14].
• Rectal biopsies from five patients with clindamycin-associated colitis were studied with the intention of identifying fibrin thrombi in capillaries [15].

Biological context of Capillaries

• Combined sustained elevation of Ang-1 and VEGF(165) was associated with an induction of hematopoiesis and increased marrow cellularity followed by proliferation of capillaries and expansion of sinusoidal space [16].
• We generated mice in which the Dll4 gene was replaced with a reporter gene, and found that Dll4 expression is initially restricted to large arteries in the embryo, whereas in adult mice and tumor models, Dll4 is specifically expressed in smaller arteries and microvessels, with a striking break in expression just as capillaries merge into venules [17].
• Under these conditions, basic FGF is a potent inducer of smooth muscle cell proliferation in the vascular wall as well as of new capillaries [18].
• During fetal life, human liver sinusoids, which differentiate between 4 and 12 weeks of gestation from capillaries of the septum transversum, must support an important hematopoietic function and acquire the structural and functional characteristics of adult sinusoids [19].
• In the second set of experiments, in which oncotic pressure in the postglomerular capillaries was elevated by hyperoncotic exchange transfusion, administration of ANP did not result in natriuresis, even though GFR increased by the same magnitude as that seen in isooncotic animals given ANP [20].

Anatomical context of Capillaries

• The high deformability of erythrocytes which is essential for their transport through the capillaries depends critically on their discoid shape and on the elasticity of the plasma membrane, which may be determined by interactions of the cytoskeleton, the lipid/protein leaflet and the glycocalyx [21].
• We report that in such implanted animals, killed 2 months post-implantation, the POA grafts contained GnRH neurones, from which GnRH-positive fibres could be traced to capillaries of the median eminence [22].
• In the present study, we have characterized the receptors and the growth-promoting effect of insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I) and multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA, an IGF-II) on endothelial cells and pericytes from calf retinal capillaries and on endothelial and smooth muscle cells from calf aorta [23].
• In situ hybridization in the kidney showed that the regional expression of these transcripts is localized, probably to small blood vessels, but the failure to visualize ET-1 mRNA in the capillaries may reflect absence of expression or insufficient sensitivity of the technique [24].
• The capillaries within the metastatic foci were enlarged and irregular, but there was no leakage of sodium fluorescein, showing that the blood-brain barrier was intact [25].

Associations of Capillaries with chemical compounds

• Two distinct bands of dopamine terminals were found in the lateral median eminence: an inner band which overlapped the gonadotropin-releasing hormone terminals and an outer band which appeared juxtaposed to portal capillaries [26].
• However, histologically, no fibrin thrombi were noted in capillaries and vessels, a characteristic finding in warfarin necrosis [27].
• Immunofluorescence study revealed binding of antibody fragments and rat C3 along the capillaries of lung, heart, and liver 5 min after injection [28].
• These results suggest that the carbonic anhydrase of isolated lungs accelerates the conversion of H2CO3 to CO2 and enhances COW elimination as perfusate passes through the pulmonary capillaries, and that the enzyme may be present on the capillary endothelial surface [29].
• The ability to induce new formation of capillaries in the cornea was tested for ceruloplasmin, the copper carrier of serum, for fragments of the ceruloplasmin molecule with and without copper, for heparin, and for glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine, bound or not bound to copper ions [30].

Gene context of Capillaries

• Carbonic anhydrase I was found in many superficial capillaries in all regions studied [31].
• 5. In addition, Meis1-deficient embryos lack well-formed capillaries, although larger blood vessels are normal [32].
• Similar to VEGF, the angiogenic response of corneas induced by VEGF-C is intensive, with a high density of new capillaries [33].
• Amyloid deposition occurred preferentially in arterioles and capillaries and within individual vessels showed a wide heterogeneity (ranging from a thin ring of amyloid in the vessel wall to large plaque-like extrusions into the neuropil) [34].
• CA IV was not detected in endothelial cells of the contiguous capillaries of the iris or in endothelial cells of other vessels [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Capillaries

• Immunohistochemistry revealed induction of RANTES protein mainly in glomerular endothelial cells and small capillaries [36].
• Tumor burden and vasculature were significantly increased in TSP1-deficient animals, and capillaries within the tumor appeared distended and sinusoidal [37].
• Thus, it was concluded that the increased PEWV measured by indicator dilution in norepinephrine-treated dogs compared with that in saline-treated dogs reflects more complete perfusion of pulmonary capillaries and access of the diffusible indicator to additional lung tissues and spaces [38].
• These data suggest that corticosteroids decrease the permeability of tumor capillaries to small hydrophilic molecules (including those of some chemotherapeutic agents) and that steroid pretreatment prevents acute, and potentially dangerous, increases in tumor capillary permeability following cranial irradiation [39].
• Rejecting allografts from CCR5(-/-) recipients had intense C3d deposition in the vessels as well as on capillaries throughout the graft parenchyma similar to that observed during rejection in donor-sensitized recipients [40].

References