Disease relevance of (7-dimethylamino-1,9-dimethyl-phenothiazin-3-ylidene)-dimethyl-ammonium

• The direct 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMB) method for quantifying sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in urine (Clin Chem 1989; 35:374-9) has been adapted to a convenient means for sample collection and transport as a test to identify individuals with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) storage diseases [1].
• One of the dyes, 1,9-dimethyl-3-dimethylamino-7-dimethylaminophenothiazine (1,9-dimethylmethylene blue), exhibited good intracellular and extracellular virucidal activity for several RNA and DNA viruses under conditions that minimally affected red cell properties [2].
• Photoinactivation of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in stroma-free hemoglobin (SFH) was carried out using methylene blue (MB) or 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) [3].

High impact information on (7-dimethylamino-1,9-dimethyl-phenothiazin-3-ylidene)-dimethyl-ammonium

• Additional organ cultures were examined for collagen synthesis using (3)H-proline incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material and for glycosaminoglycan production based on interaction with the cationic dye 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue and by staining of tissue sections with periodic acid Schiff reagents [4].
• Proteoglycan concentrations in articular cartilage dissected from the weight-bearing condyles were calculated as the ratio of sulfated glycosaminoglycan measured using 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue: hydroxyproline [5].
• Staining of tissues sections with the cationic dye 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue before and after incubation with specific lyases revealed that the dermatan sulfate occurs in the extracellular matrix, while the heparin-like polymer is located within cytoplasmic granules of cells in the lumen of intestine and pharynx [6].
• Pellets were analysed by real time polymerase chain reaction, histology, immunohistochemistry and 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue assay [7].
• Direct and rapid quantification of GAG excretion with 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMB) is applicable to small volumes of urine collected, dried, and mailed on a paper matrix (MPS Test) [8].

Biological context of (7-dimethylamino-1,9-dimethyl-phenothiazin-3-ylidene)-dimethyl-ammonium

• The participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in virus inactivation by 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) phototreatment in stroma-free hemoglobin (SFH) was investigated with the use of scavengers, quenchers and enhancer [9].

Anatomical context of (7-dimethylamino-1,9-dimethyl-phenothiazin-3-ylidene)-dimethyl-ammonium

• Quantification of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in chondrocyte/alginate cultures, by use of 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue [10].
• Assessment of three variations of the 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue assay for measurement of sulfated glycosaminoglycan concentrations in equine synovial fluid [11].

Associations of (7-dimethylamino-1,9-dimethyl-phenothiazin-3-ylidene)-dimethyl-ammonium with other chemical compounds

• The effect of virus inactivation by 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) phototreatment, methylene blue (MB) phototreatment or heat on the activities of antioxidant systems of stroma-free hemoglobin (SFH) was studied [12].

Gene context of (7-dimethylamino-1,9-dimethyl-phenothiazin-3-ylidene)-dimethyl-ammonium

• Keratan sulphate (KS) was measured by the modified 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMB) assay in synovial fluids treated with chondroitin ABC lyase [13].
• However, this difference did not relate to the extent to which the different aggrecan isolates were charged, as determined by colorimetric assay with 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue, or to marked differences in the distribution of chondroitin sulfated and keratan sulfated side chains [14].
• On days 2, 4, and 7 after recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 treatment, sulfated-glycosaminoglycan content in the media was quantified using 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue staining [15].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of (7-dimethylamino-1,9-dimethyl-phenothiazin-3-ylidene)-dimethyl-ammonium

• However, unlike results with 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue, viral inactivation of enveloped viruses by compound 4-140 was completely inhibited by the presence of red cells and plasma [2].
• The calcium response was monitored using a fluorescent probe and imaging techniques, sulfated GAG production was measured using the modified 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue method, and thapsigargin was used to block intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) mobilization [16].
• Proteoglycan release into medium was determined by dye precipitation with 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue, synthesis of proMMP-1 (interstitial procollagenase) and proMMP-3 (prostromelysin 1) by Western blotting, and collagen degradation activity using FITC labeled collagen [17].
• Mass screening test for mucopolysaccharidoses using the 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue method: positive interference from paper diapers [18].
• Taylor's blue (1,9-dimethylmethylene blue, DMMB+) associates with DNA, at least in part, through intercalation as is evidenced from the red shift in the absorption maximum, diminution of the fluorescence, and induced circular dichroism in the presence of nucleic acid [19].

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