Disease relevance of Cytoplasmic Granules

• We show that the genes for tumor necrosis factor alpha and granzyme A, a serine protease associated with cytoplasmic granules of cytotoxic cells, are expressed during the development of spontaneous diabetes mellitus in the nonobese diabetic mouse [1].
• Detection of tryptase in cytoplasmic granules of basophils in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia and other myeloid neoplasms [2].
• In addition, substantia nigra neurons from patients with incidental Lewy body disease, Parkinson disease (PD), and diffuse Lewy body dementia (DLB) display abnormal phospho-ERK accumulations in the form of discrete cytoplasmic granules [3].
• An additional lack of granzyme A which together with perforin is a constituent of cytoplasmic granules from cytotoxic T cells increases the virulence of cowpox virus [4].
• The release of active substances (principally histamine) from cytoplasmic granules of mast cells and basophils in response to antigen challenge is responsible for many of the symptoms observed in the early phase of the allergic reaction [5].

High impact information on Cytoplasmic Granules

• Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and lymphocytes with NK-like activity contain a serine esterase activity which has been localized to their cytoplasmic granules by cytochemistry and subcellular fractionation studies [6].
• However, recent studies have identified in Tc cells and natural killer cells cytoplasmic granules that contain perforin, a cytolytic protein that resembles the ninth component of complement (C9) [7].
• In four- and eight-cell embryos, DNA MTase was seen in cytoplasmic granules; and in eight-cell embryos, DNA MTase was also present in large amounts in nuclei [8].
• These primed cells express abundant levels of cytoplasmic granules that contain perforin and TIA-1 [9].
• CTL and NK cells cultured in vitro are known to produce a cytolytic pore-forming protein (PFP, perforin) localized in their cytoplasmic granules [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Cytoplasmic Granules

• The luminal epithelial cells of the proximal part apparently have no granules or cytoplasmic blebbings, while the principal cells in the distal portion contain large numbers of cytoplasmic granules and apical blebs [11].
• Sudanophilic and iodine-staining cytoplasmic granules were isolated at various developmental stages during growth of Nocardia asteroides (strain 55) and identified as poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and glycogen granules, respectively [12].

Biological context of Cytoplasmic Granules

• Granzymes are a family of serine proteases that are harbored in cytoplasmic granules of activated T lymphocytes and are released upon target cell interaction [13].
• Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are important effectors of antiviral immunity, and they induce target cell death either by secretion of cytoplasmic granules containing perforin and granzymes or by signaling through the Fas cell surface antigen [14].
• Basophils did not develop increased numbers of cytoplasmic granules and underwent apoptosis in cultures containing IL-3 and SCF, whereas mast cells thrived and developed increased numbers of granules [15].
• In burn PMNs these functional abnormalities were mainly due to decreased quantities of proteins (CD11b, albumin, B12 binding protein, beta-glucuronidase) present within cytoplasmic granules [16].
• We have investigated a proteinase inhibitor, designed according to the preferred amino acid sequence that is cleaved by the murine T-cell specific serine proteinase 1 (TSP-1) for its effect on the cytolytic potential of cloned cytotoxic T-cell lines (CTLL) and of cytoplasmic granules, derived from these cells [17].

Anatomical context of Cytoplasmic Granules

• Cytotoxic differentiation of mouse gut thymodependent and independent intraepithelial T lymphocytes is induced locally. Correlation between functional assays, presence of perforin and granzyme transcripts, and cytoplasmic granules [18].
• Monocytes were obtained from the blood of normal or leukemic subjects and homogenized in 0.34 M sucrose to yield fractions rich in cytoplasmic granules [19].
• Their histamine content increases concomitant with cytoplasmic granule maturation and may exceed that of untreated mast cells by 50-fold [20].
• Immunohistochemical localization demonstrated that cryptdin-1, and probably cryptdins 2 and 3, occur exclusively in Paneth cells, where the peptides appear to be associated with cytoplasmic granules [21].
• The protein PCM-1 localizes to cytoplasmic granules known as "centriolar satellites" that are partly enriched around the centrosome [22].

Associations of Cytoplasmic Granules with chemical compounds

• The cultured basophil-like cells had lobulated or round nuclei, and the cytoplasmic granules stained metachromatically with toluidine blue and azurophilic with Giemsa [23].
• Immunocytochemical staining demonstrated chondroitin sulfate in cytoplasmic granules and decreased granular staining after stimulation of cells with elastase [24].
• Purified cytoplasmic granules from rat large granular lymphocyte tumors having natural killer activity and/or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity induced a rapid, dose-dependent release of the water-soluble marker carboxyfluorescein from liposomes made of phosphatidylcholine [25].
• Amino acids 1 to 14 of pp60src are sufficient to mediate both myristylation and the attachment of pyruvate kinase to cytoplasmic granules [26].
• In CAG repeat diseases, affected neurons possess many cytoplasmic granules immunopositive for expanded polyglutamine stretches [27].

Gene context of Cytoplasmic Granules

• Trapping of messenger RNA by Fragile X Mental Retardation protein into cytoplasmic granules induces translation repression [28].
• Here we show that CMA failed to inhibit the cytolytic activity of CD4+ CTL clone and perforin-deficient CD8+ CTL clone, which exclusively mediate Fas-based cytotoxicity, although CMA inhibited acidification and induced drastic vacuolation of cytoplasmic granules in these clones [29].
• FKN expressed on FLS costimulated T cell-activating signals and amplified proliferation, IFNgamma production, and expulsion of cytoplasmic granules [30].
• In the normal CNS, merlin is widely expressed in coarse cytoplasmic granules in both glia and neurons, with less pronounced expression in other cells [31].
• However, after IL-2 activation PFP was concentrated in dense cytoplasmic granules, similar or identical to the situation in CD3-, CD56+ LGLs [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Cytoplasmic Granules

• By electron microscopy, Thy-1+ cells had cytoplasmic granules that were similar in structure and in their aryl sulfatase content to those previously described in natural killer cells [33].
• Using immunoelectron microscopy, we show that monocytes and neutrophils, store TGF-alpha in cytoplasmic granules [34].
• Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry showed that mast cells concentrate prolactin in their cytoplasmic granules [35].
• Additionally, using double-label fluorescence confocal microscopy, we identified a subpopulation of FMRP-containing small cytoplasmic granules that are distinguishable from larger stress granules [36].
• More than 50% of Ly-2+(CD8+) cells but only low numbers of Ly-2-(CD8-) cells, previously enriched by flow cytofluorometry, contained large amounts of cytoplasmic granules which stained both with MTSP-1-specific mAb and the esterase substrate N-alpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine thiobenzyl ester [37].

References