Disease relevance of Pharynx

• High-activity microsomal epoxide hydrolase genotypes and the risk of oral, pharynx, and larynx cancers [1].
• A clinical syndrome of SLE and pneumococcal soft-tissue infections of the neck and pharynx is described [2].
• Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from the rectum or pharynx of patients with KD, secretes toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) [3].
• We have examined the hypothesis that the polymorphic, glutathione S-transferase GSTP1 gene is a susceptibility candidate for squamous cell cancer of the oral/pharynx and larynx [4].
• Five-year relative survival of male patients with cancer of the tongue, mouth and pharynx (ICD 141, 143-148) was 34% and ranged from over 45% in Iceland, Sweden, The Netherlands and Austria to less than 25% in Eastern European countries [5].

Psychiatry related information on Pharynx

• Association between epilepsy and the following conditions reached statistical significance: mental retardation, cerebral palsy, cerebrovascular disease, myocardial ischemia, dementia, foreign body in pharynx and larynx, pneumonia, alcoholism and cirrhosis of liver [6].

High impact information on Pharynx

• Here, we show that the C. elegans Rho/Rac-family guanine nucleotide exchange factor, VAV-1, which is homologous to the mammalian Vav proto-oncogene, has a crucial role in all three behaviors. vav-1 mutants die as larvae because VAV-1 function is required in the pharynx for synchronous contraction of the musculature [7].
• In addition to its previously identified role involving RhoGEF-1 in migrating cells and growth cones, our data indicate that UNC-73 signals through RhoGEF-2 to regulate pharynx and vulva musculature and to modulate synaptic neurotransmission [8].
• The UNC-73/Trio RhoGEF-2 domain is required in separate isoforms for the regulation of pharynx pumping and normal neurotransmission in C. elegans [8].
• Here we show that the pha-4 locus establishes organ identity for the Caenorhabditis elegans pharynx [9].
• We therefore examined the expression of FGF-2 and similar FGFs in the ventral pharynx [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Pharynx

• Low concentrations of mupirocin in the pharynx following intranasal application may contribute to mupirocin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [11].
• The cell bodies containing serotonin are organized in bilateral symmetry with homologous cell bodies and processes represented in each ganglion and on both sides of the pharynx [12].
• A randomized double-blind phase III study of nimorazole as a hypoxic radiosensitizer of primary radiotherapy in supraglottic larynx and pharynx carcinoma. Results of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Study (DAHANCA) Protocol 5-85 [13].
• Treatment of beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis with cefaclor or penicillin. Efficacy and interaction with beta-lactamase-producing organisms in the pharynx [14].
• The frequency with which polyneuropathy developed was investigated in patients with cancer of the larynx and pharynx who participated in a double-blind trial of the radiosensitizing drug misonidazole [15].

Biological context of Pharynx

• Simultaneous electrical and video recordings reveal that in eat-5 mutants, action potentials of muscles in the anterior and posterior pharynx are unsynchronized [16].
• During embryogenesis a transgenic pha-1 reporter construct is expressed transiently in all pharynx precursor cells at the time when these cells become restricted to form the pharynx organ [17].
• pha-4 is Ce-fkh-1, a fork head/HNF-3alpha,beta,gamma homolog that functions in organogenesis of the C. elegans pharynx [18].
• We propose that it is the combination of pha-4 and regulatory molecules such as ceh-22 that produces the specific gene expression patterns during pharynx development [18].
• Presenilins appear to form the active center of gamma-secretase but require the presence of the integral membrane proteins nicastrin, anterior pharynx defective 1, and presenilin enhancer 2 for catalytic function [19].

Anatomical context of Pharynx

• FGF-8 in the ventral pharynx alters development of myocardial calcium transients after neural crest ablation [10].
• Injection of carboxyfluorescein into muscles of the posterior pharynx demonstrates that all pharyngeal muscles are dye-coupled in wild-type animals; in eat-5 mutants, however, muscles of the anterior pharynx are no longer dye-coupled to posterior pharyngeal muscles [16].
• Signal was detected in the basal plate of the spinal cord and hindbrain and in the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and pancreas [20].
• Whereas EVPL protein is highly expressed in epithelial cells of the skin and pharynx in the p63+/+ mouse, it is undetectable in these tissues in the p63-/- mouse [21].
• In the invertebrate chordate amphioxus, as in vertebrates, retinoic acid (RA) specifies position along the anterior/posterior axis with elevated RA signaling in the middle third of the endoderm setting the posterior limit of the pharynx [22].

Associations of Pharynx with chemical compounds

• We now report that CD44, a hyaluronic acid-binding protein that mediates human cell-cell- and cell-extracellular matrix-binding interactions, functions as a receptor for GAS colonization of the pharynx in vivo [23].
• The findings suggest that in man glands in or near the pharynx secrete a lipase that acts in the stomach to hydrolyze long-chain triglyceride to partial glycerides and FFA [24].
• These results indicate that: (i) an ivermectin-sensitive chloride channel mediates fast inhibitory glutamatergic neuromuscular transmission; and (ii) a nematocidal property of ivermectin derives from its activity as an agonist of glutamate-gated chloride channels in essential excitable cells such as those of the pharynx [25].
• By reducing the size of the photolytic beam, glutamate was released at several different locations of the pharynx [26].
• Retinoic acid signaling acts via Hox1 to establish the posterior limit of the pharynx in the chordate amphioxus [22].

Gene context of Pharynx

• These results suggest a role for mek-1 in stress responses, with a focus in the pharynx and/or intestine [27].
• Interestingly, in mutant embryos homozygous for Nkx2.6, Nkx2.5 expression extended to the lateral side of the pharynx, suggesting a compensatory function of Nkx2.5 in the mutant pharyngeal pouches [28].
• Expression of Nkx2.6 overlaps that of Nkx2.5 in the pharynx and heart and that of Nkx2.3 in the pharynx [28].
• Knocking down chs-2 by RNAi caused a defect in the pharynx and led to L1 larval arrest, indicating that chitin is involved in the development and function of the pharynx [29].
• We suggest that the variable mandibular hypoplasia in double mutants involves increased BMP activity downregulating Fgf8 expression in the pharynx, decreasing cell survival during mandibular outgrowth [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Pharynx

• We use sequence alignments and subsequent deletions to identify a region at the 3'-end of both Ce-ges-1 and Ce-ges-1 that acts as the ges-1 cryptic pharynx enhancer whose activity is revealed by removal of the 5' WGATAR sites [31].
• PURPOSE: A multicenter randomized and balanced double-blind trial with the objective of assessing the efficacy and tolerance of nimorazole given as a hypoxic radiosensitizer in conjunction with primary radiotherapy of invasive carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx and pharynx [13].
• Methylene blue was placed in the pharynx of 64 patients undergoing anaesthesia with the laryngeal mask [32].
• A possible mechanism for transmission was contamination from the first patient of the atomizer if it was used to apply lidocaine to the pharynx and nasal passages of other patients [33].
• This study determines the flammability of materials in the oral cavity and pharynx during anesthesia in an environment of potentially high oxygen (O2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations where an ignition source (cautery, laser) may be in close proximity [34].

References