Disease relevance of AI3-29129

• Dermal and oral toxicities of azamethiphos were determined in two organophosphate-resistant and one susceptible strain of houseflies, Musca domestica L [1].
• First use in North America of azamethiphos to treat Atlantic salmon for sea lice infestation: procedures and efficacy [2].

High impact information on AI3-29129

• In this study, different concentrations of some organophosphate insecticides (methyl parathion, azamethiphos, dichlorvos and diazinon) have been evaluated for genotoxicity in the wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) of Drosophila melanogaster [3].
• The lobsters were most sensitive to azamethiphos during the spawning and molting seasons which occur in the summer and early fall when seawater temperatures are highest [4].
• The 48-h LC50 of azamethiphos to female American lobsters was determined bimonthly for 2 years to determine whether the sensitivity of lobsters to azamethiphos varied with time of year, molt stage, or reproductive stage [4].
• With the aim of proposing a nondestructive biomarker for monitoring the toxicological risk to birds of exposure to the organophosphorus insecticide azamethiphos and the carbamate insecticide methomyl, laboratory studies were performed on serum "B" esterases in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) [5].
• Cluster analysis was performed and > 2000 houseflies were assigned to one of three phenotypes based on total acetylcholinesterase activity as well as inhibition by azamethiphos, methomyl or omethoate [6].

Chemical compound and disease context of AI3-29129

• The effect on azamethiphos toxicity of piperonyl butoxide (PB), an inhibitor of the monooxygenases, and tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF), an esterase inhibitor, was investigated in the three strains [1].

Biological context of AI3-29129

• Inhibition of cholinesterase activity by azamethiphos in gill 'microsomal' fraction gave an IC50 of approximately 100 microM and showed both time and concentration dependence [7].

Associations of AI3-29129 with other chemical compounds

• The organophosphate pesticide azamethiphos is the active ingredient in Salmosan, a product formerly registered in Canada for the treatment of cultured Atlantic salmon against infestations of the ectoparasite Lepeophtheirus salmonis [4].
• In contrast, the Yachiyo strain, which show 1,500-fold resistance to diazinon and which has known multiple mechanisms for organophosphate resistance, showed only 6-fold resistance to azamethiphos by topical application and 4-fold resistance by oral administration [1].
• The organophosphates azamethiphos and propetamphos and the carbamate methomyl were tested in discriminating dose feeding bioassays [8].

Gene context of AI3-29129

• Pretreatment of the flies with PB, DEF, or PB+DEF before topical application of azamethiphos resulted in a significant decrease in LD50s in all the strains [1].
• In a feeding bioassay, spinosad LC50 at 72 h was 0.51 microg of spinosad per gram of sugar, making it 6.3- and 3.5-fold more toxic to house flies compared with azamethiphos and methomyl, respectively [9].
• A cluster, i.e. a phenotype, with high total AChE activity and high sensitivity to azamethiphos and less sensitivity to inhibition by methomyl and omethoate was shown to be linked to methomyl resistance [6].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of AI3-29129

• Determination of residues of azamethiphos in salmon tissue by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection [10].

References