Disease relevance of carbon dioxide

• Pyridostigmine, a carbamate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, is routinely employed in the treatment of the autoimmune disease myasthenia gravis [1].
• Feeding 1,4-bis(fluorophenyl)-2-propynyl-N-cyclooctyl carbamate to F344 or Sprague-Dawley male rats at 125-500 ppm in the diet led to many carcinomas of the small intestine and ear duct (Zymbal's gland tumors) in addition to lymphomas and leukemias [2].
• Acrylamide was approximately one-seventh as potent as ethyl carbamate in the induction of lung adenomas [3].
• In an investigation of the mutagenic properties of 20 carbamate herbicides and fungicides by use of the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test as developed by Ames et al [4].
• Female A/J mice were treated with the mutagenic carcinogen vinyl carbamate, which induces adenocarcinoma of the lung in all animals within 16 weeks [5].

Psychiatry related information on carbon dioxide

• Ganstigmine is an orally active, geneserine derived, carbamate-based acetylcholinesterase inhibitor developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease [6].
• Compared with the same HFBA reaction in an organic solvent the derivatization reaction time was considerably shorter in SC-CO(2.) The described approach, combining both extraction and derivatization, simplifies the analysis of carbamate pesticides and eliminates the use of organic solvents associated with the derivatization step [7].
• The colorimetric test of esterase activity is a useful tool to detect organophosphate and carbamate resistance in San Joaquin Valley California red scale because of its speed of testing over a wide range of months, allowing for within-season decision making by citrus growers [8].
• Alterations of Aplysia feeding behavior following acute carbamate intoxication [9].
• In the discussion, it is suggested that any organophosphate or carbamate pesticide and its antidote, atropine, may alter "attention" or "short-term memory" through effects on hippocampus at doses too low to induce grossly detectable peripheral symptomatology [10].

High impact information on carbon dioxide

• The key chemical events in beta-lactam recognition are serine acylation and subsequent irreversible decarboxylation of the BlaR1 active site lysine carbamate [11].
• No cures were achieved in tumor-implanted mice treated with free DOX at its maximum tolerated dose (6 mg/kg), drug-free dendrimer, or dendrimer-DOX in which the DOX was attached by means of a stable carbamate bond [12].
• A carbamate insecticide, methomyl, mimics the effects of T toxins on isolated cms-T mitochondria [13].
• The nontoxic prodrug N-[4-doxorubicin-N-carbonyl(-oxymethyl) phenyl] O-beta-glucuronyl carbamate was hydrolyzed by the fusion protein at a hydrolysis rate similar to that of human beta-glucuronidase [14].
• The purpose of this investigation was to determine the commonality for inactivation of the DAP-kinase gene in adenocarcinomas induced in mice by chronic exposure to mainstream cigarette smoke, the tobacco carcinogens 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and vinyl carbamate, and the occupational carcinogen methylene chloride [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of carbon dioxide

• Capecitabine, an oral fluoropyrimidine carbamate with substantial activity in advanced colorectal cancer: results of a randomized phase II study [16].
• Aldicarb is the most potent of the commercially available carbamate pesticides and is an unusual source of acute human poisonings [17].
• In contrast, only three of 18 vinyl carbamate-induced liver tumors, one of 18 TCDD-induced liver tumors, and two of 22 spontaneous liver neoplasms had mutations in beta-catenin [18].
• Rivastigmine, a carbamate inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, is already in use for treatment of Alzheimer's disease under the trade name of Exelon [19].
• Ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase is reversibly activated by the reaction of CO2 with a specific lysyl residue (Lys191 of the Rhodospirillum rubrum enzyme) to form a carbamate that coordinates an essential Mg2+ cation [20].

Biological context of carbon dioxide

• Long-term persistence of ethyl carbamate-induced sister chromatid exchanges in murine lymphocytes [21].
• In both Con A- and LPS-stimulated PBL, SCE responses peaked between 4.5 and 5.5 h postinjection, a time which corresponds to complete biotransformation of ethyl carbamate [21].
• Various treatment protocols were designed to investigate sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) induced over successive posttreatment cell cycles in bone marrow and alveolar macrophage cells following treatment of C57BL/6J X DBA/2J F1 mice by i.p. injection of ethyl carbamate (3.3 mmol/kg) [22].
• These properties are shared with the previously studied amide inhibitors and are taken as evidence that the deprotonated carbamate nitrogen coordinates to the active site metal ion [23].
• Peptides 1310-1317 and 1445-1454 (with Tyr1450 modified by FSBA) apparently form part of the binding site for the MgATP involved in phosphorylation of enzyme-bound carbamate [24].

Anatomical context of carbon dioxide

• In intact mice, SCE levels induced by ethyl carbamate in bone marrow and alveolar macrophage cells were not significantly different whether assay followed the last of 12 (three times weekly) serial injections of 2.2 mmol/kg each or after a single injection of 2.2 mmol/kg [25].
• Persistence of SCE-inducing DNA lesions was observed in blood, spleen, and parathymic node lymphocytes following the last of a series of 12 i.p. injections (three times weekly) of ethyl carbamate (2.2 mmol/kg) [21].
• The present study was designed to test whether other N-unsubstituted carbamate esters of pharmacological interest (as sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics, and skeletal muscle relaxants) were capable of binding to CA in the same manner [23].
• We have investigated the carbamate equilibrium of human adult hemoglobin, human cord blood hemoglobin, methemoglobin, and carbamylated hemoglobin using a stopped flow, rapid reaction pH apparatus described previously [26].
• These cytoplasmic microtubules were entirely and reversibly disassembled by cold treatment and by either of two microtubule poisons: methyl benzimidazole carbamate and griseofulvin [27].

Associations of carbon dioxide with other chemical compounds

• However, acrylamide was found to approximate ethyl carbamate in potency as a tumor initiator in the skin of the female Sencar mice [3].
• Ethyl carbamate-induced sister chromatid exchange (SCE) was evaluated at 20 min and 1, 3, 4.5, 5.5, 7, and 9 h postexposure (acute dose, ethyl carbamate, 3.3 mmol/kg) in concanavalin A (Con A)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) [21].
• These carboxymethylated hybrids (Hb-NH-CH2COO-) may provide a useful model system for studies on the binding of anions to hemoglobin or on the interaction of CO2 with hemoglobin to form the carbamate Hb-NH-COO- [28].
• The most common intermediate is ammonia, derived from the hydrolysis of glutamine, but molecular tunnels for the passage of indole, carbon monoxide, acetaldehyde and carbamate have also been identified [29].
• The carbamate reaction of glycylglycine, plasma, and tissue extracts evaluated by a pH stopped flow apparatus [30].

Gene context of carbon dioxide

• These data show that multiple components of the cyclin D1/CDK4/p16(Ink4a)/pRb signaling pathway are frequently altered early in lung lesions of AJBL6 TGF-beta1 HT mice that are induced by ethyl carbamate as a function of progressive lung carcinogenesis, suggesting that components of this pathway may be potential targets for gene therapy [31].
• High frequency of K-ras mutations in spontaneous and vinyl carbamate-induced lung tumors of relatively resistant B6CF1 (C57BL/6J x BALB/cJ) mice [32].
• Both QDR1 and QDR2 were also implicated in yeast resistance to the herbicide barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl [3-chlorophenyl] carbamate), and the genes are functionally interchangeable with respect to both resistance phenotypes [33].
• Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), being sensitive to inhibition by some organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides, is a biomarker of toxic exposure [34].
• Involvement of CYP2E1 and carboxylesterase enzymes in vinyl carbamate metabolism in human lung microsomes [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of carbon dioxide

• Chemoprevention by lipoxygenase and leukotriene pathway inhibitors of vinyl carbamate-induced lung tumors in mice [36].
• Diglyceride mixtures resulting from lipolysis were derivatized with optically active R-(+)-1-phenylethylisocyanate, to give diastereomeric carbamate mixtures, which were further separated by high performance liquid chromatography [37].
• Site-specific mutagenesis of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Evidence that carbamate formation at Lys 191 is required for catalytic activity [38].
• The pKz values derived from carbamate measurements agree within experimental error with figures obtained by difference titration of unmodified and specifically carbamylated hemoglobin [26].
• Crystallization, characterization and preliminary crystallographic studies of carbamate kinase of Streptococcus faecium [39].

References