Disease relevance of GDF2

• Osteogenesis in rats induced by a novel recombinant helper-dependent bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP-9) adenovirus [1].
• An in vitro study was initially performed on hMSCs to evaluate morphological changes and osteoblastic differentiation induced by replication-defective adenovirus type 5 with the cytomegalovirus promoter and either the BMP-9 (Ad-BMP-9) or beta-galactosidase (Ad-beta-gal) gene [2].

High impact information on GDF2

• Induction and maintenance of the neuronal cholinergic phenotype in the central nervous system by BMP-9 [3].
• Intracerebroventricular injection of BMP-9 increased acetylcholine levels in vivo [3].
• Purified recombinant BMP-9 potently inhibited hepatic glucose production and activated expression of key enzymes of lipid metabolism [4].
• An integrated functional genomics screening program reveals a role for BMP-9 in glucose homeostasis [4].
• The potency of different human BMPs in stimulating hepcidin transcription by murine primary hepatocytes is BMP9 > BMP4 > BMP2 [5].

Biological context of GDF2

• We hypothesized that in vivo bone formation could be achieved using human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) nonvirally transfected with the human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (hBMP-2) or -9 (hBMP-9) gene [6].
• Ex vivo gene therapy with hMSC/BMP-9 may be efficacious for promoting bone formation for a variety of bone pathologies and certainly warrants further investigations [2].

Anatomical context of GDF2

• Our results depict BMP-9 as a potential autocrine/paracrine mediator in the hepatic reticuloendothelial system [7].
• Using [(125)I]BMP-9, a receptor with specific binding affinity for BMP-9 was characterized in primary cultures of hepatic endothelial cells and Kupffer cells [7].
• These data indicate that BMP-9 is a differentiating factor for cholinergic central nervous system neurons [3].
• A member of this family, BMP-9, was found to be highly expressed in the embryonic mouse septum and spinal cord, indicating a possible role in regulating the cholinergic phenotype [3].

Associations of GDF2 with chemical compounds

• BMP-9 (also known as growth and differentiation factor (GDF)-2) potently induces osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, has been implicated in the differentiation of cholinergic neurons, and may help regulate glucose metabolism [8].

Regulatory relationships of GDF2

• Constitutive expression of CTGF was shown to inhibit both BMP-9- and Wnt3A-induced osteogenic differentiation [9].

Other interactions of GDF2

• BMP-2 and BMP-9 promotes chondrogenic differentiation of human multipotential mesenchymal cells and overcomes the inhibitory effect of IL-1 [10].
• The expression of BMP9 and BMP15 in human bone was identified for the first time [11].
• We further demonstrate that, of the candidate type II receptors, BMPR-II predominantly mediated IL-8 and E-selectin induction and mitogenic inhibition by BMP9 [12].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of GDF2

• Use of bone morphogenetic protein-9 gene therapy to induce spinal arthrodesis in the rodent [13].
• The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of the use of direct, percutaneous BMP-9 adenoviral gene therapy to promote spinal fusion in the rodent [13].
• In freely fed diabetic mice, a single subcutaneous injection of BMP-9 reduced glycemia to near-normal levels, with maximal reduction observed 30 hours after treatment [4].

References