Disease relevance of Pathology

• These data indicate that relaxin may be efficacious in the treatment of pathologies characterized by lung fibrosis [1].
• This Review will focus on the mechanisms of action of PPARalpha in metabolic diseases and their associated vascular pathologies [2].
• Here, Christian Engwerda and Paul Kaye highlight the importance of defining organ-specific immune mechanisms for developing strategies that deal effectively with infectious diseases and their associated pathologies [3].
• This knowledge may lead to a better assessment of the possible role of 5-HT in cardiovascular pathologies and to the development of selective 5-HT receptor agonists and antagonists for therapeutic usefulness in heart failure, coronary vasospasm and to avoid potential cardiac side-effects [4].
• Latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2) is expressed both in normal EBV latency and EBV-associated pathologies [5].

Psychiatry related information on Pathology

• The interaction between Abeta and tau pathologies in these mice supports the hypothesis that a similar interaction occurs in Alzheimer's disease [6].
• In contrast, other clinical phenotypes had relatively uniform underlying pathologies: motor neuron disease predicted ubiquitinated inclusions, parkinsonism and apraxia predicted corticobasal pathology, and nonfluent aphasia predicted Pick bodies [7].
• Modifications of GABA(A) receptor function are continually implicated in a range of pathologies, including epilepsy, anxiety, insomnia, and substance abuse [8].
• CONCLUSION: The results suggest that 99mTc-HMPAO and 99mTc-ECD require specific and separate criteria for diagnosing temporal lobe pathologies, such as dementia and temporal lobe epilepsy [9].
• Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is one of the few nonalcohol-induced liver pathologies that causes false positives in assays of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) for diagnosing alcohol abuse [10].

High impact information on Pathology

• Our knowledge of SMPD3 function is consistent with the pathology observed in mutant mice and provides new insight into human pathologies [11].
• The protease region is not affected by the endogenous inhibitor, calpastatin, and may contribute to calpain-mediated pathologies when the core is released by autoproteolysis [12].
• Mutations of the Wilms'-tumour gene, WT1, cause different pathologies of the urogenital system, including DDS [13].
• We generated mice deficient in Plg and fibrinogen (Fib) and show that removal of fibrin(ogen) from the extracellular environment alleviates the diverse spontaneous pathologies previously associated with Plg deficiency and corrects healing times [14].
• These observations elucidate a potential role for vpr in the virus life cycle and raise the possibility that some aspects of HIV-induced pathologies may be caused by a disturbance of cells by vpr [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Pathology

• The antagonistic interaction between galanin and acetylcholine suggests that endogenous galanin may inhibit cholinergic function in memory processes, particularly in pathologies such as Alzheimer disease that involve degeneration of basal forebrain neurons [16].
• Our results suggest that melatonin holds potential for the treatment of pathologies such as epilepsy-associated brain damage, stroke, and brain trauma [17].
• Neuronal cell death, abnormal protein aggregates, and cytoplasmic vacuolization are major pathologies observed in many neurodegenerative disorders such as the polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases, prion disease, Alzheimer disease, and the Lewy body diseases, suggesting common mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration [18].
• The protein composition of breast secretions from 99 premenopausal women with benign or malignant breast diseases and from 70 control women without breast pathologies has been studied by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [19].
• The enzyme is inhibited by a variety of N omega-monosubstituted L-arginine analogs, and some of these compounds are useful in reversing pathologies associated with the overproduction of NO (e.g. the hypotension of septic shock) [20].

Biological context of Pathology

• Akt kinases control essential cellular functions, including proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism and transcription, and have been proposed as promising targets for treatment of angiogenesis-dependent pathologies, such as cancer and ischemic injury [21].
• Caspase-8 deficiency is associated with pathologies that are unexpected for a proapoptotic molecule, such as abrogation of activation-induced lymphocyte proliferation, perturbed immune homeostasis, and immunodeficiency [22].
• We examined Bdnf conditional mutant mice for RTT-relevant pathologies and observed that loss of BDNF caused smaller brain size, smaller CA2 neurons, smaller glomerulus size, and a characteristic hindlimb-clasping phenotype [23].
• This study shows that fibrin deposition exacerbates axonal injury, and that induction of an extracellular proteolytic cascade is a beneficial response of the tissue to remove fibrin. tPA/plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis may be a widespread protective mechanism in neuroinflammatory pathologies [24].
• The LMNA gene encoding two nuclear envelope proteins (lamins A and C [lamin A/C]) maps to chromosome 1q21 and has been associated with five distinct pathologies, including Dunnigan-type familial partial lipodystrophy, a condition that is characterized by subcutaneous fat loss and is invariably associated with insulin resistance and diabetes [25].

Anatomical context of Pathology

• MCP-1-induced basophil mediator release may play an important role in allergic inflammation and other pathologies expressing MCP-1 [26].
• Mesocortical [corrected] dopamine (DA) inputs to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) play a critical role in normal cognitive process and neuropsychiatic pathologies [27].
• To obtain an animal model in which the etiology of the observed pathologies could be further studied, we generated a mouse model using an Alms1 gene-trapped ES cell line [28].
• Thyroglobulin is the major Ag of the thyroid gland involved in autoimmune pathologies [29].
• To identify factors associated with CCR8 expression, the study was extended to other central nervous system (CNS) pathologies [30].

Associations of Pathology with chemical compounds

• Our data suggest that TNF-alpha processing is mediated by a unique Zn2+ endopeptidase which is inhibited by GI 129471 and would represent a novel target for therapeutic intervention in TNF-alpha associated pathologies [31].
• Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a central mediator of a number of important pathologies such as the systemic inflammatory response syndrome [32].
• Activation through Ca(2+) explains sensitivity to lactate, which decreases extracellular [Ca(2+)], and it may prove relevant in CNS pathologies (stroke, seizure) that simultaneously drop pH and Ca(2+) [33].
• To determine in vivo how unbalanced expression of these factors can promote or affect the course of pathologies, we knocked out the mouse gelatinase B gene by replacing the catalytic and zinc-binding domains with an antisense-oriented neomycin resistance gene [34].
• We hypothesized that adenosine accumulation, alterations in adenosine receptors, and adenosine-IL-13 autoinduction are critical events in IL-13-induced pathologies [35].

Gene context of Pathology

• This provides the first direct evidence in vivo that RANTES has significant proinflammatory activity and, in addition, could be a mediator in atopic pathologies characterized by eosinophilic and monocytic inflammatory responses [36].
• These findings raise the possibility that similar, abnormal lymphatics develop in other pathologies in which VEGF-A is overexpressed, e.g., malignant tumors and chronic inflammation [37].
• JAM-3 thereby provides a novel molecular target for antagonizing interactions between vascular cells that promote inflammatory vascular pathologies such as in atherothrombosis [38].
• PrP(C)-deficient mice do not exhibit major pathologies, perhaps because they express a protein termed Dpl, which shares significant biochemical and structural homology with PrP(C) [39].
• Furin, the best-characterized member of the mammalian PC family, has essential functions in embryogenesis and homeostasis but is also implicated in various pathologies such as tumor metastasis, neurodegeneration and various bacterial and viral diseases caused by such pathogens as anthrax and pathogenic Ebola virus strains [40].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Pathology

• Active immunization of PDAPP mice with human amyloid beta-peptide reduces plaque burden and its associated pathologies [41].
• Echocardiography and histological analysis showed that Cbr1 +/- mice were protected from gross and cellular level pathologies associated with doxorubicin treatment [42].
• In this report, a causative relationship between eosinophils and allergen-provoked pathologies was established using eosinophil adoptive transfer [43].
• Most important, using a high throughput screening assay based on mimicking Smad1C's displacement of Hoxc-8 binding to DNA, we identified chemical entities that exhibit bone anabolic activity in cell and bone organ cultures, suggesting the possibility that the compounds may be used as bone anabolic agents to treat bone pathologies [44].
• ApoD concentrations, as determined by radioimmunoassay, were significantly increased in the CSF of AD patients (4.23 +/- 1.58 microg/ml) and patients with other pathologies (3.29 +/- 1.35 microg/ml) compared with those in the CSF of normal subjects (1.15 +/- 0.71 microg/ml) [45].

References