Disease relevance of Reticuloendothelial System

• Stimulating the reticuloendothelial system in 4-wk-old mice significantly (a) decreased the mortality rate; (b) lessened the drop in the plasma content of both alpha 2-macroglobulin and alpha 1-antitrypsin; and (c) decreased the severity of pancreatitis noted microscopically [1].
• Gaucher disease type 1 results from the accumulation of glucocerebroside in macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system, as a consequence of a deficiency in glucocerebrosidase (GC) activity [2].
• It is emphasized that both colloidal carbon and zymosan induced marked hyperplasia of the hepatic and splenic reticuloendothelial system (RES), while gadolinium did not induce this effect [3].
• CONCLUSION: On the basis of preliminary observations, we hypothesize that thrombocytopenia induced by IL2 is caused by accelerated clearance of platelets by the reticuloendothelial system [4].
• The Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome is a form of oculocutaneous albinism, characterized by a qualitative platelet defect and deposition of ceroid-like material throughout the reticuloendothelial system [5].

High impact information on Reticuloendothelial System

• Defective reticuloendothelial system Fc-receptor function in systemic lupus erythematosus [6].
• Mice homozygous for this mutation have less than 4% of normal glucocerebrosidase activity, die within twenty-four hours of birth and store glucocerebroside in lysosomes of cells of the reticuloendothelial system [7].
• The reticuloendothelial system of mice bearing EMT6 tumors was effectively blocked by intravenous injections of small unilamellar vesicles that incorporated a 6-aminomannose derivative of cholesterol in the lipid bilayer [8].
• In the present study, human gene transfer was used to deliver to organs of the reticuloendothelial system antagonists that either inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) synthesis or block its interactions with cellular receptors [9].
• Complement receptor 3 (CR3) is expressed on cells of the reticuloendothelial system and involved in the clearance of immune complexes [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Reticuloendothelial System

• Gaucher disease (GD), an autosomal recessive disease, is characterized by accumulation of glucosylceramide mainly in cells of the reticuloendothelial system, due to mutations in the acid beta-glucocerebrosidase gene [11].
• Other unusual findings were hyperostosis of the skull and the appearance of macrophages containing PAS-positive granules in the reticuloendothelial system in many organs [12].
• Metastasis and the reticuloendothelial system. II. Effect of triamcinolone acetonide on organ retention of malignant cells in endotoxin-treated mice [13].
• Our purpose was to study whether treatment of Escherichia coli with subinhibitory concentrations of either cefamandole or gentamicin could change bacterial susceptibility to the serum bactericidal effect and to the phagocytic and killing activity of the rat liver reticuloendothelial system [14].
• Role of spleen in choline stimulation of reticuloendothelial system and resistance to acute hemorrhage [15].

Biological context of Reticuloendothelial System

• Desialated GP erythrocytes (E) were lysed directly or cleared by the reticuloendothelial system in normal GP (NIH-GP) and cleared by the reticuloendothelial system in GP genetically deficient in the classical complement pathway component C4 (C4D-GP), which activate complement only via the alternative pathway [16].
• These results suggest that fibronectin may act as an activator of the reticuloendothelial system, related to prostaglandins, in the process of liver regeneration [17].
• Thus, liposomal muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine inhibits bacterial translocation, probably by activating mucosal macrophages and enhancing reticuloendothelial system function in rats with biliary obstruction [18].
• In a mouse model of systemic infection, the spv genes carried on the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium virulence plasmid increase the replication rate of salmonellae in host cells of the reticuloendothelial system, most likely within macrophages [19].
• The strong inhibition by dimerized lysozyme suggests that the liver reticuloendothelial system has common binding sites for certain cationic proteins, as recently shown for isolated macrophages [20].

Anatomical context of Reticuloendothelial System

• To determine whether reticuloendothelial-system immunospecific Fc-receptor function is abnormal in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, we studied the clearance of IgG-sensitized 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes by these splenic macrophage membrane receptors in 15 untreated patients [6].
• The SUPER TWIG neutralized Stx in vivo by a mechanism in which the accumulation and immediate degradation of Stx by phagocytic macrophages present in the reticuloendothelial system were induced [21].
• At the subcellular level, MTP1 is localized to the basolateral membrane of the duodenal epithelial cell and a cytoplasmic compartment of reticuloendothelial system cells [22].
• DC-SIGN and L-SIGN are expressed in several early targets of arbovirus infection, including dendritic cells (DCs) and cells of the reticuloendothelial system [23].
• Depression of cytochrome P-450-dependent drug biotransformation in hepatocytes after the activation of the reticuloendothelial system by dextran sulfate [24].

Associations of Reticuloendothelial System with chemical compounds

• We have previously reported on liposome formulations with reduced uptake by the reticuloendothelial system, prolonged circulation time, and enhanced accumulation in transplanted tumors [25].
• TNF was produced from sera of animals presensitized with reticuloendothelial system stimulants after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge [26].
• Commercial heparin, on the other hand, is taken up by cells of the reticuloendothelial system and is stored there [27].
• To evaluate this concept, the effect of feeding a choline-deficient diet supplemented with 0.5% DL-ethionine was determined in 4 and 6-wk-old mice in which the reticuloendothelial system was normal, stimulated, or depressed [1].
• It is proposed that the pathway of nitrate biosynthesis may be the result of oxidation of reduced nitrogen compounds by oxygen radicals generated by an activated reticuloendothelial system [28].

Gene context of Reticuloendothelial System

• Additionally, CR1 on erythrocytes endows these cells with the capacity to deliver immune complexes (IC) to the reticuloendothelial system, resulting in their clearance from the circulation [29].
• With this input, HFE enables the intestinal crypt cells and reticuloendothelial system to interpret the body's iron requirements and regulate iron absorption and distribution [30].
• Ceruloplasmin activity-deficient animals became hypoferremic as a result of an impaired release of iron from the reticuloendothelial system as shown by impaired return of reticuloendothelial system-processed heme iron in these mice [31].
• In these mice, as in murine models of hemochromatosis and patients with hereditary hemochromatosis, iron accumulates in parenchymal cells (in particular, liver and pancreas), whereas the reticuloendothelial system is spared from this iron loading [32].
• Their main target appears to be Fc gamma RIII, and this may partly account for the dysfunction in Fc gamma R-mediated clearance by the reticuloendothelial system reported in these patients [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Reticuloendothelial System

• Radionuclide imaging of the spleen with heat denatured technetium-99m RBC when the splenic reticuloendothelial system seems impaired [34].
• Measurements of reticuloendothelial system phagocytic activity in the rat after treatment with silica, liposomes, and cyclosporine [35].
• Long-circulating (stealth) liposomes coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG), which show reduced uptake by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and enhanced accumulation in tumours, were used for conjugation to monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) as a drug-targeting device [36].
• Red cell alloantibody specificity, the activity of the patient's reticuloendothelial system, and concurrent immunosuppression were evaluated as potential predictors of the occurrence of DHTR versus DSTR in different patients [37].
• In a retrospective study, technetium 99m sulfur colloid scintigraphy was used to evaluate reticuloendothelial system function in 61 dogs with single congenital and 40 dogs with multiple acquired portasystemic shunts [38].

References