Disease relevance of IS2

• In vitro analysis of p94 autolysis showed that autolysis in IS1 proceeds without immediate disassembly into fragments and that the newly identified cryptic autolytic site in IS2 is critical for disassembling autolyzed fragments [1].
• Despite this inconspicuous modification of the IS2 linker between domains III and IV, both patients developed signs and symptoms of the disease within their second decade of life [2].
• Here we identified a sibling pair with LGMD2A-type muscular dystrophy caused by a homozygous Ser606Leu (S606L) substitution in the IS2 linker domain [2].
• Limb girdle muscular dystrophy in a sibling pair with a homozygous Ser606Leu mutation in the alternatively spliced IS2 region of calpain 3 [2].
• We have previously described temperature sensitive rho mutants of Escherichia coli (e.g., rho15) that are defective in transcription termination at various signals, including an IS2 DNA insertion in the gal operon [Das, A., Court, D. & Adhya, S. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 73, 1959-1963] [3].

High impact information on IS2

• In this paper, we report the isolation of mutants altered in the beta subunit of RNA polymerase (a class of Rifampicin-resistant mutants), which restore gal IS2 polarity in the rho 15 strain [3].
• This calcium-dependent cysteine protease resembles the large subunit of m-calpain but with three unique additional sequences: an N-terminal region (NS), and two insertions (IS1 and IS2) [4].
• It is now shown that early intermediates, IS1 and IS2 as well as a late native-like intermediate, IN, are present on the folding pathways of US, and an early intermediate IF1 on the folding pathway of UF, when barstar is refolded in concentrations of GdnHCl below 2.0 M [5].
• Introduction of a functional CadC restores cadaverine expression in all EIEC strains harboring either an IS2 element or a defective cadC promoter [6].
• However, the analysis also revealed the presence of a new type of dimer, "e" (QS1 = 0.38 mm/s, IS1 = 0.51 mm/s and QS2 = 0.72 mm/s, IS2 = 0.50 mm/s), and this was also assigned to the ferroxidase center [7].

Biological context of IS2

• InsAB' has the ability to bind both terminal repeat sequences of IS2 [8].
• Since there is no open reading frame capable of encoding a 46-kDa protein in the entire IS2 genome, this 46-kDa protein is probably produced by a translational frameshifting mechanism [8].
• Deduced amino acid sequences indicated significant changes between IS1 and IS2 at the neutralizing antigenic site 1 [9].
• Poliovirus type 1 was isolated from an immunodeficient patient 4 days after onset of paresis (IS1) and after 5.5 years of prolonged enteral virus replication (IS2) [9].
• Although the IS2 VP4 is highly homologous to the other P4 type alleles, it contained acidic amino acid substitutions at several positions that make it acidic among the P4 type alleles that are basic [10].

Anatomical context of IS2

• Therefore, 7 of the cell lines (Colo320, EB, Fri, IS2, IS3, SW480, and V9P) are here completely karyotyped for the first time and, among these, 5 have not previously been cytogenetically described [11].

Associations of IS2 with chemical compounds

• DNA of the IS-elements IS1 and IS2 was prepared by digestion of appropriate heteroduplex molecules with endonuclease S1, followed by sucrose gradient centrifugation or gel electrophoresis [12].
• Cortisol and two internal standards, 19-nortestosterone (IS1) and 6 alpha-methylprednisolone (IS2) are extracted with dichloromethane and analyzed on a C18 reversed-phase column eluted with a mobile phase of methanol:water at a flow rate of 0.75 ml/min [13].
• These residues are located in the insertion sequence-2 (IS-2), which was conserved in six clones of the human MT2-MMP gene from different sources, except that of proline-183 which was substituted with serine from HT1080 cells [14].

Other interactions of IS2

• Polyclonal antibodies were prepared against peptides whose sequences were taken from the three unique regions of human CAPN3, namely NS, IS1, and IS2, which are not found in other members of the calpain family [15].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of IS2

• In order to study the relationship between SCC-HN associated immunosuppression and retroviral p15E, we produced three new monoclonal antibodies (MAbs; ER-IS1, ER-IS2, and ER-IS5) directed against the immunosuppressive synthetic CKS-17 peptide [16].
• DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded tissues was used directly for PCR amplification using primers IS1 and IS2 to amplify a 123 base pair (bp) region of IS6110, sjMT3 and sjMTr2 to amplify a 281 bp region of protein antigen b, and INS1 and INS2 to amplify a 245 bp region of IS986 [17].

References