Disease relevance of Frameshifting, Ribosomal

• In retroviruses and retrotransposons it is expressed as a nucleocapsid-polymerase fusion protein by ribosomal frameshifting during translation of the overlapping region [1].
• Sequence requirements for efficient translational frameshifting in the Escherichia coli dnaX gene and the role of an unstable interaction between tRNA(Lys) and an AAG lysine codon [2].
• The effects of two peptidyl-transferase inhibitors, anisomycin and sparsomycin, on ribosomal frameshifting efficiencies and the propagation of yeast double-stranded RNA viruses were examined [3].
• Unlike many other reverse transcriptase genes, the polymerase (P) gene of the hepatitis B viruses is expressed by translational initiation from its own AUG codon rather than by ribosomal frameshifting during translation of the overlapping core gene (C) [4].
• Enhancement of ribosomal frameshifting by oligonucleotides targeted to the HIV gag-pol region [5].

High impact information on Frameshifting, Ribosomal

• Genetic and biochemical studies reveal that these viruses do not use ribosomal frameshifting to generate this enzyme, but instead direct translation initiation at an internal initiation (AUG) codon in the polymerase gene [1].
• Thus, production of the gag-pol fusion protein would require either messenger RNA processing or translational frameshifting [6].
• Prevention of translational frameshifting by the modified nucleoside 1-methylguanosine [7].
• These "recoding" signals are associated with sites of programmed ribosomal frameshifting, hopping, termination codon suppression, and the incorporation of the unusual amino acids selenocysteine and pyrrolysine [8].
• As well as inactivating polyamine uptake, antizyme is induced by polyamine-enhanced translational frameshifting, and binds to ODC, accelerating its ATP-dependent degradation, a process catalysed by the 26S proteasome [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Frameshifting, Ribosomal

• We examined the effects of spermidine on translational fidelity by an in vivo assay in which changes in beta-galactosidase activity are dependent on yeast retrovirus Ty +1 and yeast double-stranded RNA virus L-A -1 ribosomal frameshifting signals [10].
• Expression levels influence ribosomal frameshifting at the tandem rare arginine codons AGG_AGG and AGA_AGA in Escherichia coli [11].
• Experiments were done with Salmonella typhimurium containing a plasmid with an isoleucine codon in a 'shifty' region, prone to translational frameshifting [12].
• Isoleucine starvation caused by sulfometuron methyl in Salmonella typhimurium measured by translational frameshifting [12].
• Mass spectrometric analysis of human soluble catechol O-methyltransferase expressed in Escherichia coli. Identification of a product of ribosomal frameshifting and of reactive cysteines involved in S-adenosyl-L-methionine binding [13].

Biological context of Frameshifting, Ribosomal

• L-A has a single-segment 4.6-kb linear genome encoding a major coat protein (gag) and its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (pol), the latter expressed as a gag-pol fusion protein formed by a -1 ribosomal frameshift [14].
• These results indicate that ribosomal frameshift can partially rescue the human carbonic anhydrase II frameshift mutation and suggest a mechanism whereby a compensatory ribosomal frameshift can ameliorate the consequences of certain frameshift mutations [15].
• Strains harboring the mof2-1 allele demonstrated a mutant start site selection phenotype and increased efficiency of programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting and conferred paromomycin sensitivity [16].
• The open reading frame (ORF) 1b-encoded part of the equine arteritis virus (EAV) replicase is expressed by ribosomal frameshifting during genome translation, which results in the production of an ORF1ab fusion protein (345 kDa) [17].
• We show that these polyproteins are processed accurately into mature forms and that the viral polymerase gene is encoded as a 160-kilodalton gag-pol fusion protein, most likely by translational frameshifting from the gag into the pol reading frame [18].

Anatomical context of Frameshifting, Ribosomal

• Chimeric HIV-1 virus-like particles containing gp120 epitopes as a result of a ribosomal frameshift elicit Gag- and SU-specific murine cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activities [19].

Associations of Frameshifting, Ribosomal with chemical compounds

• A upf3-Delta strain demonstrates increased sensitivity to the antibiotic paromomycin and increased programmed -1 ribosomal frameshift efficiency resulting in loss of the M1 virus [20].
• In spe2 delta mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which cannot make spermidine as a result of a deletion in the SPE2 gene, there is a marked elevation in +1 but no change in -1 ribosomal frameshifting [10].
• A loop 2 cytidine-stem 1 minor groove interaction as a positive determinant for pseudoknot-stimulated -1 ribosomal frameshifting [21].
• A sequence which is located immediately downstream of the frameshift signal and has the potential to form a double stem-loop structure can significantly enhance translational frameshifting in the presence of the peptidyl-transferase inhibitor puromycin [22].
• These findings suggest that the mechanism of ribosomal frameshifting at the PVM signal is different from the one described by the 'simultaneous slippage' model in that only the string of four adenosine nucleotides represents the slippery sequence involved in a -1 P-site slippage [23].

Gene context of Frameshifting, Ribosomal

• Mof4-1 is an allele of the UPF1/IFS2 gene which affects both mRNA turnover and -1 ribosomal frameshifting efficiency [24].
• The Drosophila gene for antizyme requires ribosomal frameshifting for expression and contains an intronic gene for snRNP Sm D3 on the opposite strand [25].
• Mutations in the RPL3 gene, which encodes a ribosomal protein located at the peptidyltransferase center, promote approximately three- to fourfold increases in programmed -1 ribosomal frameshift efficiencies and loss of the M1 killer virus of yeast [26].
• We also demonstrate that signals found in the yeast RAS1 and the human CCR5 genes were able to promote significant levels of programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting [27].
• RESULTS: We identified a potential site of +1 ribosomal frameshifting in the EST3 coding sequence and demonstrated that translation both upstream and downstream of this site is required for EST3 function [28].

References