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MeSH Review:

Diffuse Axonal Injury

Yokota, H. et al., Heath, D.L. et al., Stahel, P.F. et al., Yoon, S.J. et al., McGowan, J.C. et al., et al.

Bradshaw, Ivarsson, Morfey, Viano, Rhodes, Andrews, Holmes, Seckl, McGowan, McCormack, Grossman, Mendonça, Chen, Berlin, Meaney, Xu, Cecil, McIntosh, Smith, Yokota, Naoe, Nakabayashi, Unemoto, Kushimoto, Kurokawa, Node, Yamamoto, Park, Yi, Herrmann, Jost, Kutz, Ebert, Kratz, Wunderlich, Synowitz, Okonkwo, Melon, Pellicane, Mutlu, Rubin, Stone, Helm,

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Disease relevance of Diffuse Axonal Injury

The serum level of TM in focal brain injury (ranging from 3.84 +/- 1.54 to 4.12 +/- 1.46 U/mL) was higher than that in diffuse axonal injury (ranging from 2.96 +/- 0.63 to 3.67 +/- 1.70 U/mL), but these differences were not statistically significant [1].
Release patterns of S-100B and NSE differed in patients with primary cortical contusions, diffuse axonal injury (DAI), and signs of cerebral edema (ICP) without focal mass lesions [2].
Coronal head impacts were simulated in a physical model, based on the hypothesis that acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) is related to cerebral vertex displacement and diffuse axonal injury (DAI) to local Green-Lagrange strain [3].

High impact information on Diffuse Axonal Injury

Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate [4].
This study was designed to evaluate with magnetization transfer imaging (MTI) and conventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging the manifestation of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) in an animal model of injury via nonimpact coronal plane rotational acceleration [5].
Intrafascicular injection caused diffuse axonal injury in the promethazine and dimenhydrinate groups, while prochlorperazine caused only focal injury [6].
The present study compares the neuroprotective efficacy of MgSO4 and MgCl2 in a severe model of diffuse axonal injury in rats using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the rotarod test to monitor effects on metabolism and neurologic outcome, respectively [7].
In the present paper, diffuse axonal injury was induced in rats in midline fluid percussion injury [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of Diffuse Axonal Injury

The duration of coma, degree of neurological impairment, and amount of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) in the brain were directly related to the amount of coronal head motion used [4].
These earlier studies, however, have been limited to models of injury that do not produce a significant degree of diffuse axonal injury and have used either MgSO4 or MgCl2 as the magnesium salt [7].
Cyclosporin A 10 mg/kg i.v. produced the greatest degree of neuroprotection against diffuse axonal injury; cyclosporin A 50 mg/kg i.v. was toxic [9].
Remarkable improvement of severe diffuse axonal injury without L-dopa treatment [10].
CONCLUSIONS: A spectral feature of the decreased [N-acetyl aspartate/creatine] and increased [choline/creatine] and [myo-inositol/creatine] ratios in parietal white matter may be a marker for diffuse axonal injury in patients with TBI and has a significant correlation with the functional status of the patients [11].

Anatomical context of Diffuse Axonal Injury

Since the intrathecal generation of anaphylatoxin C5a has been shown to mediate inflammatory effects within the central nervous system, we sought to characterize the cellular expression of the mRNA for the C5a receptor (C5aR, CD88) in brains of rats with experimental diffuse axonal injury (DAI) by in situ hybridization [12].

Gene context of Diffuse Axonal Injury

Experimental diffuse axonal injury induces enhanced neuronal C5a receptor mRNA expression in rats [12].
Brain regions known to be susceptible to diffuse axonal injury were examined with conventional hematoxylin-eosin and silver (Bodian) stains and immunohistochemical markers for neurofilaments, ubiquitin, and tau and beta/A4-amyloid [13].
Significant apoptotic changes occurred 12 and 24 hr. after insult. nNOS and iNOS activity were affected after moderate diffuse axonal injury in a time-dependent manner and there was a close relation between the apoptotic changes and NOS activity [14].
The aim of the present study was to examine the possible neuroprotective effect of PACAP in a rat model of diffuse axonal injury induced by impact acceleration [15].
Expression of interleukin-6 messenger RNA in a rat model of diffuse axonal injury [16].

References

Cerebral endothelial injury in severe head injury: the significance of measurements of serum thrombomodulin and the von Willebrand factor. Yokota, H., Naoe, Y., Nakabayashi, M., Unemoto, K., Kushimoto, S., Kurokawa, A., Node, Y., Yamamoto, Y. J. Neurotrauma (2002) [Pubmed]
Temporal profile of release of neurobiochemical markers of brain damage after traumatic brain injury is associated with intracranial pathology as demonstrated in cranial computerized tomography. Herrmann, M., Jost, S., Kutz, S., Ebert, A.D., Kratz, T., Wunderlich, M.T., Synowitz, H. J. Neurotrauma (2000) [Pubmed]
Simulation of acute subdural hematoma and diffuse axonal injury in coronal head impact. Bradshaw, D.R., Ivarsson, J., Morfey, C.L., Viano, D.C. Journal of biomechanics. (2001) [Pubmed]
Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate. Gennarelli, T.A., Thibault, L.E., Adams, J.H., Graham, D.I., Thompson, C.J., Marcincin, R.P. Ann. Neurol. (1982) [Pubmed]
Diffuse axonal pathology detected with magnetization transfer imaging following brain injury in the pig. McGowan, J.C., McCormack, T.M., Grossman, R.I., Mendonça, R., Chen, X.H., Berlin, J.A., Meaney, D.F., Xu, B.N., Cecil, K.M., McIntosh, T.K., Smith, D.H. Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. (1999) [Pubmed]
Peripheral nerve injection injury with antiemetic agents. Strasberg, J.E., Atchabahian, A., Strasberg, S.R., Watanabe, O., Hunter, D.A., Mackinnon, S.E. J. Neurotrauma (1999) [Pubmed]
Neuroprotective effects of MgSO4 and MgCl2 in closed head injury: a comparative phosphorus NMR study. Heath, D.L., Vink, R. J. Neurotrauma (1998) [Pubmed]
Experimental brain injury induces expression of amyloid precursor protein, which may be related to neuronal loss in the hippocampus. Murakami, N., Yamaki, T., Iwamoto, Y., Sakakibara, T., Kobori, N., Fushiki, S., Ueda, S. J. Neurotrauma (1998) [Pubmed]
Dose-response of cyclosporin A in attenuating traumatic axonal injury in rat. Okonkwo, D.O., Melon, D.E., Pellicane, A.J., Mutlu, L.K., Rubin, D.G., Stone, J.R., Helm, G.A. Neuroreport (2003) [Pubmed]
Remarkable improvement of severe diffuse axonal injury without L-dopa treatment. Yoshikawa, H., Oda, Y. Brain Dev. (1999) [Pubmed]
Evaluation of traumatic brain injured patients in correlation with functional status by localized 1H-MR spectroscopy. Yoon, S.J., Lee, J.H., Kim, S.T., Chun, M.H. Clinical rehabilitation. (2005) [Pubmed]
Experimental diffuse axonal injury induces enhanced neuronal C5a receptor mRNA expression in rats. Stahel, P.F., Kossmann, T., Morganti-Kossmann, M.C., Hans, V.H., Barnum, S.R. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. (1997) [Pubmed]
Diffuse axonal injury in craniocerebral trauma. A comparative histologic and immunohistochemical study. Gultekin, S.H., Smith, T.W. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. (1994) [Pubmed]
Apoptotic change and NOS activity in the experimental animal diffuse axonal injury model. Park, C.O., Yi, H.G. Yonsei Med. J. (2001) [Pubmed]
Effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Farkas, O., Tamás, A., Zsombok, A., Reglodi, D., Pál, J., Büki, A., Lengvári, I., Povlishock, J.T., Dóczi, T. Regul. Pept. (2004) [Pubmed]
Expression of interleukin-6 messenger RNA in a rat model of diffuse axonal injury. Rhodes, J.K., Andrews, P.J., Holmes, M.C., Seckl, J.R. Neurosci. Lett. (2002) [Pubmed]

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