Disease relevance of choline

• Choline for tardive dyskinesia [1].
• Choline for blepharospasm [2].
• To identify these neurons, the ganglion cells were labeled by retrograde transport of a fluorescent dye, and the acetylcholine-synthesizing cells of the same retinas were labeled by exposing the tissue to tritiated choline [3].
• INTERVENTIONS--After fasting overnight, subjects received choline, as the bitartrate, to yield free choline equal to 50 mg/kg of body weight [4].
• Phosphatidyl choline is recognized by a series of Ly-1+ murine B cell lymphomas specific for erythrocyte membranes [5].
• When deprived of dietary choline, 77% of men and 80% of postmenopausal women developed fatty liver or muscle damage, whereas only 44% of premenopausal women developed such signs of organ dysfunction [6].

Psychiatry related information on choline

• Choline in Alzheimer's disease [7].
• Red-cell/plasma choline ratio in dementia [8].
• Red-cell choline and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome [9].
• Huntington's disease: clinical and chemical effects of choline administration [10].
• Although the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), site of the circadian clock, contains no intrinsic cholinergic somata, it receives choline acetyltransferase-immunopositive projections from basal forebrain and mesopontine tegmental nuclei that contribute to sleep and wakefulness [11].

High impact information on choline

• Histopathology of brain sections revealed reduction and hypocellularity of the posterior pituitary of Ptprs-/- mice, as well as a reduction of approximately 50-75% in the number of choline acetyl transferase-positive cells in the forebrain [12].
• For amino acids and monoamines, this is achieved by their uptake into the cell by specific high-affinity transporters; acetylcholine is first broken down in the extracellular space and then choline is taken up by the cell [13].
• Choline biosynthesis by a preparation enriched in synaptosomes from rat brain [14].
• Solubilizaiton of the choline transport system and re-incorporation into artificial membranes [15].
• The carrier-mediated transport of choline has been described in several types of cell and at isolated synaptic terminals [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of choline

• Adenocarcinomas were induced in 84% of treated animals by 10 weeks after initiation with 70 mg of N-nitroso-bis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) per kg of body weight when augmentation pressure (choline-deficient diet combined with DL-ethionine and L-methionine and administration of 20 mg/kg BOP upon return to basal diet) was applied three times [16].
• Chronic toxicity of methotrexate in rats: partial to complete projection of the liver by choline: Brief communication [17].
• The effects of the cholecystokinin (CCK)-receptor antagonist proglumide, the protease inhibitor gabexate, and the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8) were studied in a model of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis induced by feeding mice a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet [18].
• Using proton magnetic-resonance spectroscopy we have shown elevations in basal ganglia and white matter choline/creatine ratios in patients with histologically-mild hepatitis C, compared with healthy volunteers and patients with hepatitis B [19].
• Lipid emulsions, choline deficiency, and manganese toxicity are associated with both hepatic steatosis and cholestasis in adults and children [20].
• The fluorine-18 ((18)F)-labeled choline derivative fluorocholine (FCH) in particular has demonstrated potential utility for imaging of a variety of neoplasms, including those of the breast, prostate, liver, and brain [21].

Biological context of choline

• We demonstrate that TNF is upregulated during oval cell proliferation induced by a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented diet and that it is expressed by oval cells [22].
• Development of B-1 cells: segregation of phosphatidyl choline-specific B cells to the B-1 population occurs after immunoglobulin gene expression [23].
• We investigated choline phosphorylation during normal and stimulated renal growth [24].
• In vitro behavior of human intestinal mucosa. The influence of acetyl choline on ion transport [25].
• Hepatic DNA methylation and liver tumor formation in male C3H mice fed methionine- and choline-deficient diets [26].

Anatomical context of choline

• Antibody to Thy-1 antigen injected into rat hypothalamus selectively inhibits carbamyl choline induced drinking [27].
• A loss in the number of functional, sodium ion-dependent, high-affinity choline transport sites was observed in the cortex and hippocampus of mice given an intracerebroventricular injection of 65 nanomoles of AF64A (ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion) 3 days earlier [28].
• Functional high- and low-affinity choline transport processes from rat cortical plasma membranes were reconstituted in phosphatidylcholine bilayer liposomes [29].
• Brain choline concentrations are generally higher than plasma concentrations, but depend on plasma concentrations because of the kinetic characteristics of the blood-brain-barrier transport system [30].
• In cats under halothane or methoxyflurane, iontophoretic applications of choline are only eight times weaker than applications of acetylcholine in evoking firing of neurons in the sensorimotor region of the cerebral cortex [31].

Associations of choline with other chemical compounds

• Thyrotropin-releasing hormone has no influence on the activity of acetylcholinesterase or on choline uptake and release from cerebral synaptosomes [32].
• Expression of the unlinked genes, FAS1 and FAS2, is in part constitutive and in part subject to repression by the phospholipid precursors inositol and choline [33].
• MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Plasma choline and cytosolic choline-containing compounds in the brain, estimated as the ratio of the choline resonance to the creatine resonance on 1H-MRS scans of the basal ganglia, were compared following blinded analyses of data from subject cohorts studied at baseline and 3 hours after choline ingestion [4].
• As in the normal cells, most of the 12-HETE incorporated into Zellweger fibroblasts was present in the choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides [34].
• Raffinose or choline chloride substitution showed that osmolality, rather than NaCl, signalled cell volume maintenance in hyperosmotic media [35].
• THcy was 8% lower in the highest quintile of total betaine + choline intake than in the lowest quintile, even after control for folate intake (P for trend = 0.07) [36].
• Supplementation with lecithin or choline also increased plasma methionine and SAM [37].
• Total choline detected with (1)H MRSI may provide an intrinsic, imaging probe-independent biomarker to complement existing techniques in detecting PDAC [38].

Gene context of choline

• In the absence of inositol and choline (derepressing), the products of the INO2 and INO4 genes form a heteromeric complex which binds to a 10-bp element, upstream activation sequence INO (UASINO), in the promoters of the phospholipid biosynthetic genes to activate their transcription [39].
• In the presence of inositol and choline (repressing), the product of the OPI1 gene represses transcription dictated by the UASINO element [39].
• The level of INO1 RNA was repressed 12-fold when the cells were grown in medium containing inositol, and it was repressed 33-fold when the cells were grown in the presence of inositol and choline together [40].
• PtdCho biosynthesis measured by choline incorporation into isolated hepatocytes was not compromised in the Pcyt1a+/- mice [41].
• These results suggest that Par-4 is directly involved in regulating choline uptake by interacting with CHT1 and by reducing its incorporation on the cell surface [42].
• Although CD-Pemt(-)(/)(-) mice failed to adapt to choline deprivation, choline redistribution was also initiated in these mice [43].
• The mRNA and protein expression of histone methyltransferases G9a and Suv39h1 were directly related to the availability of choline [44].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of choline

• Blood was drawn for determination of plasma choline concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) was performed to determine the relative concentration of cytosolic choline-containing compounds in the brain at baseline and after ingestion of choline [4].
• Choline kinase activity increased by 27% (P less than 0.001) in 28-day-old rats when renal growth was stimulated by contralateral nephrectomy; the increase occurred within 2 h after surgery [24].
• However, corticosteroid adminstration was associated with a marked increase in the amount of phosphatidyl choline that could be recovered from the alveolar spaces by lavage, over and above the increase resulting from irradiation, and a significant increase in the incorporation of [14C]palmitate into phosphatidyl choline by lung slices [45].
• The maximum rate of choline transport (Vmax) was abnormally high before transplantation and fell to normal values during the first week after transplantation [46].
• Erythrocyte choline uptake after renal transplantation [46].

References