Disease relevance of Gravol

• Comparison with placebo indicated that transdermal scopolamine provided protection against motion sickness at a significance level of p = 0.0001 and oral dimenhydrinate at a level of p = 0.05 [1].
• The incidence of PONV, requirements for rescue dimenhydrinate, and time to recovery were recorded [2].
• All other measures of vertigo also decreased more in the dimenhydrinate group, although the differences were not statistically significant [3].
• Fixed drug eruption caused by dimenhydrinate [4].
• A 19-year-old woman presented with status epilepticus and ventricular dysrhythmias less than one hour after ingesting 5,000 mg dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) [5].

Psychiatry related information on Gravol

• The effects of the first dose of dimenhydrinate on psychometric test scores were compared with the magnitude of the effects produced by subsequent doses [6].
• Dimenhydrinate significantly impaired decision reaction time and auditory digit span [7].
• 3. Both drugs affected colour discrimination, and dimenhydrinate degraded night-vision, reaction-time, and stereopsis [8].
• The effect of single doses of dimenhydrinate, 100 mg, cinnarizine, 50 mg, and one transdermal scopolamine patch on psychomotor performance was evaluated using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover design in three separate studies [7].

High impact information on Gravol

• Up to 4 microM no apoptosis, as measured by DNA-fragmentation was observed, but at 8 and 10 microM DIMATE, DNA-fragmentation increased concomitantly with ALDH1 inhibition [9].
• The purpose of this study was to characterize the neurotoxic effect of three commonly used antiemetic agents (promethazine, dimenhydrinate, and prochlorperazine) as compared to saline in the rat sciatic nerve model [10].
• Efficacy and tolerability of a fixed low-dose combination of cinnarizine and dimenhydrinate in the treatment of vertigo: A 4-week, randomized, double-blind, active- and placebo-controlled, parallel-group, outpatient study [11].
• The least squares mean (SD) change from baseline in MVS was significantly greater in the group receiving the fixed combination (1.37 [0.66]) than in any of the comparator groups (cinnarizine 50 mg: 0.87 [0.53]; dimenhydrinate 100 mg: 0.83 [0.66]; placebo: 0.76 [0.48]; all comparisons, P < 0.001) [11].
• There is not sufficient evidence to suggest that dimenhydrinate, perphenazine or droperidol, in the doses studied, are efficacious, nor were gastric aspiration or acupuncture [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Gravol

• CONCLUSIONS:: In this study, the fixed low-dose combination of cinnarizine 20 mg + dimenhydrinate 40 mg was effective, clinically beneficial, and well tolerated in patients with vestibular vertigo of central and/or peripheral origin [11].
• BACKGROUND: The prophylactic administration of dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) is as effective as the use of ondansetron (Zofran) in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy [13].
• CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that dimenhydrinate was more effective in relieving vertigo and less sedating than lorazepam at the intravenous doses administered in this study [3].
• Methotrimeprazine versus meperidine and dimenhydrinate in the treatment of severe migraine: a randomized, controlled trial [14].
• Intramuscular droperidol versus intramuscular dimenhydrinate for the treatment of acute peripheral vertigo in the emergency department: a randomized clinical trial [15].

Biological context of Gravol

• An investigation of the influence of the recommended vehicle on the bioavailability and clearance of dimenhydrinate in isolated rabbit liver microsomes revealed that vehicle at concentrations > 0.68 mg/ml significantly decreased the percent of drug metabolized [16].
• METHODS: For this study, 128 American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) physical statuses I, II, and III patients were randomly assigned to receive either ondansetron 4 mg intravenously (IV) at $17 per dose (group 1) or dimenhydrinate 50 mg IV at $2.50 per dose (group 2) before induction of anesthesia [13].
• The goal was to evaluate the efficiency of intraperitoneal administration of dimethylthioampal (DIMATE), a cellular apoptosis inducer, combined, or not, with cytoreductive surgery on rats with peritoneal adenocarcinomatosis [17].
• The use of dimenhydrinate in conjunction with dexamethasone for induction of parturition in beef cattle [18].
• STUDY OBJECTIVES: To examine the psychometric and cardiac effects of dimenhydrinate at 1 and 3 atmospheres (atm) of pressure (0 and 66 feet of sea water, respectively), and to make recommendations about the drug's safety in the diving environment [19].

Anatomical context of Gravol

• The data suggest the possibility that acute tolerance to central nervous system impairment develops with multiple doses of dimenhydrinate [6].
• The discharge diagnoses for those who had received dimenhydrinate included asthma, pelvic inflammatory disease and urinary tract infection [20].
• The results indicate that scopolamine and dimenhydrinate exert their effect in motion sickness by reducing the vestibular and visual influx and by partly inhibiting the integrative functioning of the vestibular nuclei [21].

Associations of Gravol with other chemical compounds

• Spectral analysis of spontaneous EEG showed slight and similar decreases in the power in the a-band under dimenhydrinate and ARL (p = 0.07 and p = 0.03 with respect to baseline, respectively), but basically no change under betahistine [22].
• The objective of this guideline is to assist poison center personnel in the appropriate out-of-hospital triage and initial management of patients with a suspected ingestion of diphenhydramine or dimenhydrinate, or a dermal exposure to diphenhydramine [23].
• RESULTS: 62.5% of the patients undergoing chemotherapy responded completely to granisetron, whereas 10% responded to metoclopramide plus dimenhydrinate (p < 0.0001) [24].
• PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three hundred patients (165 men and 135 women, ranging in age from 18 to 89 [mean 62] years) undergoing noncoronary arteriography received dimenhydrinate or placebo before the injection of the low-osmolality contrast material ioxaglate (Hexabrix) [25].
• During whole-body motion in darkness, there was little placebo-drug difference in the vestibular response under alert conditions; under relaxed conditions, dimenhydrinate and promethazine hydrochloride produced significant declines in the vestibular eye movements [26].

Gene context of Gravol

• Reduction of postoperative nausea and vomiting by dimenhydrinate suppositories after strabismus surgery in children [2].
• Dimenhydrinate, an H1-receptor antagonist, has been used to both prevent and treat postoperative vomiting (POV) in children for several decades [27].
• This is a report of an intentionally administered overdose of dimenhydrinate to a 4 month-old infant who subsequently presented with status epilepticus, coma, and life threatening ventricular dysrhythmias [28].
• The latency of P300 in response to the rare target tones (oddball paradigm and binary series), showed significant (p < 0.05) delays after 4 doses of dimenhydrinate (18-24 ms), and no significant differences between ARL (3-17 ms) and either dimenhydrinate or placebo (4-13 ms) [29].
• CONCLUSION: In children and adolescents with osteosarcoma, granisetron was safe and more efficient than metoclopramide plus dimenhydrinate for controlling chemotherapy-induced emesis and nausea [24].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Gravol

• Simultaneous monitoring of both phases in the solvent extraction/flow injection analysis of Dramamine tablets [30].
• Prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting with oral, long-acting dimenhydrinate in gynecologic outpatient laparoscopy [31].
• In one group, dimenhydrinate 50 mg was administered rectally 30 min before starting anaesthesia, whereas in the control group, placebo suppositories were given [32].
• We conclude that the rectal administration of dimenhydrinate is effective for the prevention of PONV, although the sedative effect may require longer postoperative monitoring [2].
• Preanesthetic medication with midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) as well as application of either dimenhydrinate suppositories or a placebo preparation was performed 30 min before the induction of anesthesia [2].

References